Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic disease caused by traumatic incidents. Numerous studies have revealed grey matter volume differences in affected individuals. The nature of the disease renders it difficult to distinguish between a priori versus a posteriori changes. To overcome this difficulty, we studied the consequences of a traumatic event on brain morphology in mice before and 4 weeks after exposure to brief foot shocks (or sham treatment), and correlated morphology with symptoms of hyperarousal. In the latter context, we assessed hyperarousal upon confrontation with acoustic, visual, or composite (acoustic/visual/tactile) threats and integrated the individual readouts into a single Hyperarousal Score using logistic regression analysis. MRI scans with subsequent whole-brain deformation-based morphometry (DBM) analysis revealed a volume decrease of the dorsal hippocampus and an increase of the reticular nucleus in shocked mice when compared to non-shocked controls. Using the Hyperarousal Score as regressor for the post-exposure MRI measurement, we observed negative correlations with several brain structures including the dorsal hippocampus. If the development of changes with respect to the basal MRI was considered, reduction in globus pallidus volume reflected hyperarousal severity. Our findings demonstrate that a brief traumatic incident can cause volume changes in defined brain structures and suggest the globus pallidus as an important hub for the control of fear responses to threatening stimuli of different sensory modalities.

• MeSH
• arousal fyziologie   MeSH
• globus pallidus MeSH
• hipokampus MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek patofyziologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha patofyziologie   MeSH
• šedá hmota fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Although cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable mortality, tobacco is consumed by approximately 22% of the adult population worldwide. Smoking is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, affects brain processing, and is a recognized risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Tobacco toxins (e.g., nicotine at high levels) inhaled in smoke may cause disorders resulting in preclinical brain changes. Researchers suggest that there are differences in brain volume between smokers and non-smokers. This review examines these differences in brain grey matter volume (GMV). In March/April 2015, MedLine, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched using the terms: "grey matter" AND "voxel-based" AND "smoking" AND "cigarette". The 4 studies analyzed found brain GMV decreases in smokers compared to non-smokers. Furthermore, sex-specific differences were found; while the thalamus and cerebellum were affected in both sexes, decreased GMV in the olfactory gyrus was found only in male smokers. Age-group differences were also found, and these may suggest pre-existing abnormalities that lead to nicotine dependence in younger individuals. Only 1 study found a positive correlation between number of pack-years smoked and GMV. Smoking decreases GMV in most brain areas. This decrease may be responsible for the cognitive impairment and difficulties with emotional regulation found in smokers compared with non-smokers.

• MeSH
• centrální nervový systém MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kognice účinky léků   MeSH
• kouření cigaret škodlivé účinky   epidemiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kuřáci MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mozeček účinky léků   MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu metody   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku metabolismus   MeSH
• šedá hmota účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• axony fyziologie   MeSH
• barvení a značení metody   MeSH
• bílá hmota MeSH
• dějiny 19. století * MeSH
• dějiny lékařství MeSH
• kryoprezervace metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mícha anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• mozek anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• nervová tkáň * anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervová vlákna MeSH
• nervový systém - fyziologické jevy * MeSH
• neuroglie fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• pojivová tkáň anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• retikulární formace anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• šedá hmota anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• významné osobnosti MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• historické články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Effects of gender on grey matter (GM) volume differences in subcortical structures of the human brain have consistently been reported. Recent research evidence suggests that both gender and brain size influences volume distribution in subcortical areas independently. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of the interplay between brain size, gender and age contributing to volume differences of subcortical GM in the human brain. High-resolution T1-weighted images were acquired from 53 healthy males and 50 age-matched healthy females. Total GM volume was determined using voxel-based morphometry. We used model-based subcortical segmentation analysis to measure the volume of subcortical nuclei. Main effects of gender, brain volume and aging on subcortical structures were examined using multivariate analysis of variance. No significant difference was found in total brain volume between the two genders after correcting for total intracranial volume. Our analysis revealed significantly larger hippocampus volume for females. Additionally, GM volumes of the caudate nucleus, putamen and thalamus displayed a significant age-related decrease in males as compared to females. In contrast to this only the thalamic volume loss proved significant for females. Strikingly, GM volume decreases faster in males than in females emphasizing the interplay between aging and gender on subcortical structures. These findings might have important implications for the interpretation of the effects of unalterable factors (i.e. gender and age) in cross-sectional structural MRI studies. Furthermore, the volume distribution and changes of subcortical structures have been consistently related to several neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g. Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, etc.). Understanding these changes might yield further insight in the course and prognosis of these disorders.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• rozpoznávání automatizované MeSH
• šedá hmota diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• stárnutí patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Déjà vu (DV) is an eerie phenomenon experienced frequently as an aura of temporal lobe epilepsy, but also reported commonly by healthy individuals. The former pathological manifestation appears to result from aberrant neural activity among brain structures within the medial temporal lobes. Recent studies also implicate medial temporal brain structures in the non-pathological experience of DV, but as one element of a diffuse neuroanatomical correlate; it remains to be seen if neural activity among the medial temporal lobes also underlies this benign manifestation. The present study set out to investigate this. Due to its unpredictable and infrequent occurrence, however, non-pathological DV does not lend itself easily to functional neuroimaging. Instead, we draw on research showing that brain structure covaries among regions that interact frequently as nodes of functional networks. Specifically, we assessed whether grey-matter covariance among structures implicated in non-pathological DV differs according to the frequency with which the phenomenon is experienced. This revealed two diverging patterns of structural covariation: Among the first, comprised primarily of medial temporal structures and the caudate, grey-matter volume becomes more positively correlated with higher frequency of DV experience. The second pattern encompasses medial and lateral temporal structures, among which greater DV frequency is associated with more negatively correlated grey matter. Using a meta-analytic method of co-activation mapping, we demonstrate a higher probability of functional interactions among brain structures constituting the former pattern, particularly during memory-related processes. Our findings suggest that altered neural signalling within memory-related medial temporal brain structures underlies both pathological and non-pathological DV.

• MeSH
• databáze jako téma MeSH
• déja vu * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• metaanalýza jako téma MeSH
• metoda nejmenších čtverců MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nervové dráhy diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• nucleus caudatus diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• šedá hmota diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• spánkový lalok diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH