The central European lineage of Usutu virus was isolated from a blackbird (Turdus merula), which was found dead in the city of Brno, Czech Republic, in 2011. The virus RNA was detected in two other dead blackbirds in Brno during 2012.

• MeSH
• Survival Analysis MeSH
• Demography MeSH
• DNA Primers genetics   MeSH
• Flavivirus genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Flavivirus Infections epidemiology   veterinary   MeSH
• Molecular Sequence Data MeSH
• Brain virology   MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Bird Diseases epidemiology   virology   MeSH
• Passeriformes virology   MeSH
• Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary   MeSH
• Base Sequence MeSH
• Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
• Cluster Analysis MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

The zoonotic characteristic of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA) represents a veterinary and economic problem in infected pigs. In this study, we analysed cell-mediated immunity six months after experimental infection by measuring interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production and by performing lymphocyte transformation tests after in vitro re-stimulation with the MAA-derived antigen. At the same time, IFN-γ-producing cells were characterised by flow cytometry. In MAA-infected animals, the production of IFN-γ increased in response to the MAA antigen in the blood, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Similarly, a positive antigen-driven response was detected by the proliferation assay. In contrast, IFN-γ production and proliferation was undetectable after stimulation with the MAA antigen in uninfected control animals. These results indicate that both methods can be used for the identification of individual MAA-infected pigs. Using flow cytometry, we found that double-positive CD4(+)CD8(+) lymphocytes were the major T lymphocyte subset producing IFN-γ after in vitro re-stimulation.

• MeSH
• Lymphocyte Activation immunology   MeSH
• Immunity, Cellular immunology   MeSH
• Interferon-gamma physiology   MeSH
• Mycobacterium avium immunology   MeSH
• Swine Diseases immunology   microbiology   MeSH
• Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary   MeSH
• Swine immunology   MeSH
• Flow Cytometry veterinary   MeSH
• T-Lymphocyte Subsets immunology   MeSH
• Tuberculosis immunology   microbiology   veterinary   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

In this study we were interested in the serovars which are frequently isolated from pigs, i.e. S. Typhimurium, S. Derby and S. Infantis. First we collected different isolates of S. Infantis and S. Derby and compared them by macrorestriction analysis. In the second part of the study we infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with representative strains of these serovars and S. Typhimurium and determined intracellular survival, cytotoxicity and cytokine response. In S. Derby, 17 different profiles in 51 isolates have been identified and in S. Infantis, 12 different profiles in 37 isolates have been identified. Four hours post-addition of bacteria to PAMs, higher numbers of intracellular S. Typhimurium than S. Derby or S. Infantis were observed. However, within next 24h, counts of S. Typhimurium did not change while S. Derby and S. Infantis increased their counts 10 and 5 times, respectively. The apparent inability of S. Typhimurium to multiply inside PAMs was caused by its higher cytotoxicity because PAMs infected with S. Typhimurium released LDH 24h post-infection to a significantly higher level than when infected with the other two serovars. The IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-23p19 and TNFα response to S. Derby and S. Infantis was always higher than to S. Typhimurium and the differences among the serovars were more significant at 4 than 24h post-infection. The lower cytokine signaling but higher cytotoxicity of S. Typhimurium for macrophages correlates with the higher virulence for pigs of this serotype when compared with S. Derby or S. Infantis.

• MeSH
• Macrophages, Alveolar microbiology   MeSH
• RNA, Bacterial genetics   MeSH
• Cytokines blood   MeSH
• Swine Diseases epidemiology   immunology   microbiology   MeSH
• Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary   MeSH
• Swine microbiology   MeSH
• Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field veterinary   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica classification   genetics   immunology   MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium MeSH
• Salmonella Infections, Animal epidemiology   immunology   microbiology   MeSH
• Serotyping veterinary   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH