We developed a simple analytical method for the simultaneous determination of representatives of various groups of neurotoxic insecticides (carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan and their metabolite endosulfan sulfate) in limited amounts of animal tissues containing different amounts of lipids. Selected tissues (rodent fat, liver, and brain) were extracted in a special in-house-designed mini-extractor constructed on the basis of the Soxhlet and Twisselmann extractors. A dried tissue sample placed in a small cartridge was extracted, while the nascent extract was simultaneously filtered through a layer of sodium sulfate. The extraction was followed by combined clean-up, including gel permeation chromatography (in case of high lipid content), ultrasonication, and solid-phase extraction chromatography using C18 on silica and aluminum oxide. Gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for analyte separation, detection, and quantification. Average recoveries for individual insecticides ranged from 82 to 111%. Expanded measurement uncertainties were generally lower than 35%. The developed method was successfully applied to rat tissue samples obtained from an animal model dealing with insecticide exposure during brain development. This method may also be applied to the analytical treatment of small amounts of various types of animal and human tissue samples. A significant advantage achieved using this method is high sample throughput due to the simultaneous treatment of many samples. Graphical abstract Optimized workflow for the determination of selected insecticides in small amounts of animal tissue including newly developed mini-extractor.
- MeSH
- design vybavení MeSH
- extrakce na pevné fázi přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- gelová chromatografie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- insekticidy analýza izolace a purifikace farmakokinetika MeSH
- játra chemie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- mozek - chemie MeSH
- neurotoxiny analýza izolace a purifikace farmakokinetika MeSH
- plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí metody MeSH
- tuková tkáň chemie MeSH
- vibrace ultrazvukové přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- validační studie MeSH
A chromatographic characterization of pore volume accessibility for both particulate and monolithic stationary phases is presented. Size-exclusion calibration curves have been used to determine the pore volume fraction that is accessible for six alkylbenzenes and twelve polystyrene standards in tetrahydrofuran as the mobile phase. Accessible porosity has been then correlated with the size of the pores from which individual compounds are just excluded. I have determined pore volume accessibility of commercially available columns packed with fully and superficially porous particles, as well as with silica-based monolithic stationary phase. I also have investigated pore accessibility of polymer-based monolithic stationary phases. Suggested protocol is used to characterize pore formation at the early stage of the polymerization, to evaluate an extent of hypercrosslinking during modification of pore surface, and to characterize the pore accessibility of monolithic stationary phases hypercrosslinked after an early termination of polymerization reaction. Pore volume accessibility was also correlated to column efficiency of both particulate and monolithic stationary phases.
The main factors affecting the mesopore porosity of methacrylate-ester based monolithic columns were investigated. We prepared 40 monolithic capillary columns with porosity controlled by varying the proportions of butyl methacrylate (BMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) monomers and of 1,4-butanediol (BUT) and 1-propanol (PROP) as the porogen solvent in the polymerisation mixtures by thermally initiated in situ polymerisation in fused-silica capillaries. Using mixture design software, we systematically varied the composition of the polymerisation mixtures to find significant factors affecting mesopore formation. Multivariate analysis of the experimental data obtained for the fabricated columns yielded a model for prediction of the mesopore porosity in monolithic beds as a function of the composition of the polymerisation mixture used to prepare polymethacrylate monolithic capillary columns. The mean absolute deviation of predicted porosities is 0.029 for most of the columns, with only eight columns showing deviations exceeding 0.050. The main factor affecting the mesopore porosity proved to be the combination of the concentration of hydrophobic monomer (BMA) and the concentration of the less-polar solvent, 1-propanol, in the porogen mixture. The proportion of mesopores in the monolithic capillary columns increases with increasing concentration of 1-propanol and with decreasing concentration ratios of the cross-linker (EDMA) to monomer (BMA) and of BUT to PROP porogenic solvents.
- MeSH
- acyklovir analýza farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- citráty farmakologie MeSH
- farmaceutická technologie metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- gelová chromatografie metody přístrojové vybavení využití MeSH
- kyselina mléčná farmakologie MeSH
- mannitol farmakologie MeSH
- nosiče léků analýza farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- polyestery farmakologie MeSH
- pyruváty farmakologie MeSH
