Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) were acquired during evolution of their host organisms after infection and mendelian inheritance in the germline by their exogenous counterparts. The ERVs can spread in the host genome and in some cases they affect the host phenotype. The cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus (CrERV) is one of only a few well-defined examples of evolutionarily recent invasion of mammalian genome by retroviruses. Thousands of insertionally polymorphic CrERV integration sites have been detected in wild ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) host populations. Here, we describe for the first time induction of replication competent CrERV by cocultivation of deer and human cells. We characterize the physical properties and tropism of the induced virus. The genomic sequence of the induced virus is phylogenetically related to the evolutionarily young endogenous CrERVs described so far. We also describe the level of replication block of CrERV on deer cells and its capacity to establish superinfection interference.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• endogenní retroviry klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• epitelové buňky ultrastruktura   virologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Gammaretrovirus klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• genom virový * MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• kokultivační techniky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• replikace viru MeSH
• virion genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In the Czech Republic, the incidence of human tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been increasing over the last two decades. At the same time, populations of game have also shown an upward trend. In this country, the ungulate game is the main host group of hosts for Ixodes ricinus female ticks. This study examined the potential contribution of two most widespread game species (roe deer [Capreolus capreolus] and wild boar [Sus scrofa]) to the high incidence of TBE in the Czech Republic, using the annual numbers of culls as a proxy for the game population. This was an ecological study, with annual figures for geographical areas-municipalities with extended competence (MEC)-used as units of analysis. Between 2003 and 2011, a total of 6213 TBE cases were reported, and 1062,308 roe deer and 989,222 wild boars were culled; the culls of roe deer did not demonstrate a clear temporal trend, but wild boar culls almost doubled (from 77,269 to 143,378 per year). Statistical analyses revealed a positive association between TBE incidence rate and the relative number of culled wild boars. In multivariate analyses, a change in the numbers of culled wild boars between the 25th and 75th percentile was associated with TBE incidence rate ratio of 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.07-1.41, p=0.003). By contrast, the association of TBE with culled roe deer was not statistically significant (p=0.481). The results suggest that the size of the wild boar population may have contributed to the current high levels and the rising trend in incidence of TBE, whereas the regulated population of roe deer does not seem to be implicated in recent geographical or temporal variations in TBE in the Czech Republic.

• MeSH
• arachnida jako vektory * virologie   MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• infestace klíšťaty epidemiologie   MeSH
• klíště * virologie   MeSH
• klíšťová encefalitida * epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci prasat epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• neparametrická statistika MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• Sus scrofa * virologie   MeSH
• viry klíšťové encefalitidy izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř * virologie   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The aim of this study was to optimise a two-tube reverse transcription triplex quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) combining amplification of two loci with an internal amplification control (IAC) for detection and quantitation of hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA and to validate its performance on a pool of biological samples. Optimisation was performed on serially diluted "home-made" RNA standards. The limit of detection was determined experimentally as 10 copies/μl of the RNA standard for both amplification targets. The qRT-PCR was validated on a cohort of samples originating from 48 wild boars (Sus scrofa), 17 fallow deer (Dama dama) and 28 mouflons (Ovis musimon), with nested RT-PCR used as a reference method. qRT-PCR was found to be more specific for the detection of HEV RNA in examined samples. HEV RNA was detected in samples of five more animals (one wild boar and four mouflons) in comparison with nested RT-PCR.

• MeSH
• hepatitida E diagnóza   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• ovce virologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí metody   normy   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• RNA virová analýza   genetika   normy   MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• Sus scrofa virologie   MeSH
• virus hepatitidy E genetika   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH