C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II
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Influenza A viruses, causing seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, rely on interactions with host proteins for their RNA genome transcription and replication. The viral RNA polymerase utilizes host RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and interacts with the serine 5 phosphorylated (pS5) C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II to initiate transcription. Our study, using single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM), reveals the structure of the 1918 pandemic influenza A virus polymerase bound to a synthetic pS5 CTD peptide composed of four heptad repeats mimicking the 52 heptad repeat mammalian Pol II CTD. The structure shows that the CTD peptide binds at the C-terminal domain of the PA viral polymerase subunit (PA-C) and reveals a previously unobserved position of the 627 domain of the PB2 subunit near the CTD. We identify crucial residues of the CTD peptide that mediate interactions with positively charged cavities on PA-C, explaining the preference of the viral polymerase for pS5 CTD. Functional analysis of mutants targeting the CTD-binding site within PA-C reveals reduced transcriptional function or defects in replication, highlighting the multifunctional role of PA-C in viral RNA synthesis. Our study provides insights into the structural and functional aspects of the influenza virus polymerase-host Pol II interaction and identifies a target for antiviral development.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the intricate interactions between influenza A viruses and host proteins is crucial for developing targeted antiviral strategies. This study employs advanced imaging techniques to uncover the structural nuances of the 1918 pandemic influenza A virus polymerase bound to a specific host protein, shedding light on the vital process of viral RNA synthesis. The study identifies key amino acid residues in the influenza polymerase involved in binding host polymerase II (Pol II) and highlights their role in both viral transcription and genome replication. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the influenza virus life cycle but also pinpoint a potential target for antiviral development. By elucidating the structural and functional aspects of the influenza virus polymerase-host Pol II interaction, this research provides a foundation for designing interventions to disrupt viral replication and transcription, offering promising avenues for future antiviral therapies.
- MeSH
- chřipka lidská virologie MeSH
- elektronová kryomikroskopie * MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- genetická transkripce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární modely MeSH
- proteinové domény MeSH
- replikace viru MeSH
- RNA virová metabolismus genetika MeSH
- RNA-dependentní RNA-polymerasa * metabolismus chemie MeSH
- RNA-polymerasa II * metabolismus chemie MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- virové proteiny * metabolismus chemie genetika MeSH
- virus chřipky A * metabolismus genetika enzymologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most severe type of DNA damage. Previously, we demonstrated that RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) phosphorylated at the tyrosine 1 (Y1P) residue of its C-terminal domain (CTD) generates RNAs at DSBs. However, the regulation of transcription at DSBs remains enigmatic. Here, we show that the damage-activated tyrosine kinase c-Abl phosphorylates hSSB1, enabling its interaction with Y1P RNAPII at DSBs. Furthermore, the trimeric SOSS1 complex, consisting of hSSB1, INTS3, and c9orf80, binds to Y1P RNAPII in response to DNA damage in an R-loop-dependent manner. Specifically, hSSB1, as a part of the trimeric SOSS1 complex, exhibits a strong affinity for R-loops, even in the presence of replication protein A (RPA). Our in vitro and in vivo data reveal that the SOSS1 complex and RNAPII form dynamic liquid-like repair compartments at DSBs. Depletion of the SOSS1 complex impairs DNA repair, underscoring its biological role in the R-loop-dependent DNA damage response.
The C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a regulatory hub for transcription and RNA processing. Here, we identify PHD-finger protein 3 (PHF3) as a regulator of transcription and mRNA stability that docks onto Pol II CTD through its SPOC domain. We characterize SPOC as a CTD reader domain that preferentially binds two phosphorylated Serine-2 marks in adjacent CTD repeats. PHF3 drives liquid-liquid phase separation of phosphorylated Pol II, colocalizes with Pol II clusters and tracks with Pol II across the length of genes. PHF3 knock-out or SPOC deletion in human cells results in increased Pol II stalling, reduced elongation rate and an increase in mRNA stability, with marked derepression of neuronal genes. Key neuronal genes are aberrantly expressed in Phf3 knock-out mouse embryonic stem cells, resulting in impaired neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that PHF3 acts as a prominent effector of neuronal gene regulation by bridging transcription with mRNA decay.
- MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- genetická transkripce MeSH
- genový knockdown MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši knockoutované MeSH
- neurony chemie metabolismus MeSH
- posttranskripční úpravy RNA MeSH
- proteinové domény MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- RNA-polymerasa II chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- RNA * chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- stabilita RNA MeSH
- transkripční faktory genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
A leading pharmacological strategy toward HIV cure requires "shock" or activation of HIV gene expression in latently infected cells with latency reversal agents (LRAs) followed by their subsequent clearance. In a screen for novel LRAs, we used fungal secondary metabolites as a source of bioactive molecules. Using orthogonal mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to latency reversal bioassays, we identified gliotoxin (GTX) as a novel LRA. GTX significantly induced HIV-1 gene expression in latent ex vivo infected primary cells and in CD4+ T cells from all aviremic HIV-1+ participants. RNA sequencing identified 7SK RNA, the scaffold of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) inhibitory 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex, to be significantly reduced upon GTX treatment of CD4+ T cells. GTX directly disrupted 7SK snRNP by targeting La-related protein 7 (LARP7), releasing active P-TEFb, which phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD), inducing HIV transcription.
- MeSH
- gliotoxin * metabolismus MeSH
- HeLa buňky MeSH
- HIV infekce * farmakoterapie MeSH
- HIV-1 * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pozitivní transkripční elongační faktor b genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny vázající RNA metabolismus MeSH
- ribonukleoproteiny malé jaderné chemie MeSH
- ribonukleoproteiny MeSH
- transkripční faktory metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Transcription elongation factor Spt6 associates with RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) via a tandem SH2 (tSH2) domain. The mechanism and significance of the RNAP II-Spt6 interaction is still unclear. Recently, it was proposed that Spt6-tSH2 is recruited via a newly described phosphorylated linker between the Rpb1 core and its C-terminal domain (CTD). Here, we report binding studies with isolated tSH2 of Spt6 (Spt6-tSH2) and Spt6 lacking the first unstructured 297 residues (Spt6ΔN) with a minimal CTD substrate of two repetitive heptads phosphorylated at different sites. The data demonstrate that Spt6 also binds the phosphorylated CTD, a site that was originally proposed as a recognition epitope. We also show that an extended CTD substrate harboring 13 repetitive heptads of the tyrosine-phosphorylated CTD binds Spt6-tSH2 and Spt6ΔN with tighter affinity than the minimal CTD substrate. The enhanced binding is achieved by avidity originating from multiple phosphorylation marks present in the CTD. Interestingly, we found that the steric effects of additional domains in the Spt6ΔN construct partially obscure the binding of the tSH2 domain to the multivalent ligand. We show that Spt6-tSH2 binds various phosphorylation patterns in the CTD and found that the studied combinations of phospho-CTD marks (1,2; 1,5; 2,4; and 2,7) all facilitate the interaction of CTD with Spt6. Our structural studies reveal a plasticity of the tSH2 binding pockets that enables the accommodation of CTDs with phosphorylation marks in different registers.
- MeSH
- epitopy genetika MeSH
- fosforylace genetika MeSH
- genetická transkripce * MeSH
- histonové chaperony genetika MeSH
- RNA-polymerasa II genetika MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny genetika MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetika MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin genetika MeSH
- src homologní domény genetika MeSH
- transkripční elongační faktory genetika MeSH
- vazba proteinů genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are subject to post-translational modifications. This allows the same polypeptide to be involved in different interaction networks with different consequences, ranging from regulatory signalling networks to the formation of membrane-less organelles. We report a robust method for co-expression of modification enzyme and SUMO-tagged IDPs with a subsequent purification procedure that allows for the production of modified IDP. The robustness of our protocol is demonstrated using a challenging system: RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain (CTD); that is, a low-complexity repetitive region with multiple phosphorylation sites. In vitro phosphorylation approaches fail to yield multiple-site phosphorylated CTD, whereas our in vivo protocol allows the rapid production of near homogeneous phosphorylated CTD at a low cost. These samples can be used in functional and structural studies.
- MeSH
- Escherichia coli genetika MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nukleární magnetická rezonance biomolekulární MeSH
- posttranslační úpravy proteinů MeSH
- proteinové domény MeSH
- spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice MeSH
- transformace genetická MeSH
- tyrosin analýza genetika MeSH
- vnitřně neuspořádané proteiny chemie genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
To deal with the general problem of biomolecule specific binding analysis, we have applied the technique of difference spectra to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-enhanced total internal reflection ellipsometry measurement. We suggest a three-step treatment of the SPR background that can easily be integrated with the usual measurement routine. First, making use of the difference spectrum in ellipsometric angle Δ, single peak footprints of the topmost layer are obtained that facilitate its sensitive detection during film growth. Subsequently, circumventing the need for explicit knowledge of the substrate properties, the difference spectra peaks can be used for the end-point analysis of a binding. Finally, tracking the binding effectivity of the analyte we determine the injection speed and analyte concentration windows needed for successful monitoring of the film growth. We demonstrate our approach on a comprehensive two-stage binding experiment involving two biologically relevant molecules: the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II and CTD-interacting domain of one of its transcription factors, the Rtt103 protein.
General transcription factor TFIID is a key component of RNA polymerase II transcription initiation. Human TFIID is a megadalton-sized complex comprising TATA-binding protein (TBP) and 13 TBP-associated factors (TAFs). TBP binds to core promoter DNA, recognizing the TATA-box. We identified a ternary complex formed by TBP and the histone fold (HF) domain-containing TFIID subunits TAF11 and TAF13. We demonstrate that TAF11/TAF13 competes for TBP binding with TATA-box DNA, and also with the N-terminal domain of TAF1 previously implicated in TATA-box mimicry. In an integrative approach combining crystal coordinates, biochemical analyses and data from cross-linking mass-spectrometry (CLMS), we determine the architecture of the TAF11/TAF13/TBP complex, revealing TAF11/TAF13 interaction with the DNA binding surface of TBP. We identify a highly conserved C-terminal TBP-interaction domain (CTID) in TAF13, which is essential for supporting cell growth. Our results thus have implications for cellular TFIID assembly and suggest a novel regulatory state for TFIID function.
- MeSH
- DNA metabolismus MeSH
- faktory asociované s proteinem vázajícím TATA box chemie metabolismus MeSH
- histonacetyltransferasy metabolismus MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- konformace proteinů MeSH
- krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování interakce mezi proteiny MeSH
- promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
- protein vázající TATA box chemie metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční faktor TFIID chemie metabolismus MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
RNA polymerase II contains a long C-terminal domain (CTD) that regulates interactions at the site of transcription. The CTD architecture remains poorly understood due to its low sequence complexity, dynamic phosphorylation patterns, and structural variability. We used integrative structural biology to visualize the architecture of the CTD in complex with Rtt103, a 3'-end RNA-processing and transcription termination factor. Rtt103 forms homodimers via its long coiled-coil domain and associates densely on the repetitive sequence of the phosphorylated CTD via its N-terminal CTD-interacting domain. The CTD-Rtt103 association opens the compact random coil structure of the CTD, leading to a beads-on-a-string topology in which the long rod-shaped Rtt103 dimers define the topological and mobility restraints of the entire assembly. These findings underpin the importance of the structural plasticity of the CTD, which is templated by a particular set of CTD-binding proteins.
- MeSH
- interakční proteinové domény a motivy MeSH
- krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
- multimerizace proteinu MeSH
- RNA-polymerasa II metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- transkripční faktory chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- audiovizuální média MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Phosphorylation patterns of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (called the CTD code) orchestrate the recruitment of RNA processing and transcription factors. Recent studies showed that not only serines and tyrosines but also threonines of the CTD can be phosphorylated with a number of functional consequences, including the interaction with yeast transcription termination factor, Rtt103p. Here, we report the solution structure of the Rtt103p CTD-interacting domain (CID) bound to Thr4 phosphorylated CTD, a poorly understood letter of the CTD code. The structure reveals a direct recognition of the phospho-Thr4 mark by Rtt103p CID and extensive interactions involving residues from three repeats of the CTD heptad. Intriguingly, Rtt103p's CID binds equally well Thr4 and Ser2 phosphorylated CTD A doubly phosphorylated CTD at Ser2 and Thr4 diminishes its binding affinity due to electrostatic repulsion. Our structural data suggest that the recruitment of a CID-containing CTD-binding factor may be coded by more than one letter of the CTD code.
- MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- genetická transkripce MeSH
- proteinkinasy metabolismus MeSH
- proteolýza MeSH
- RNA-polymerasa II chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- serin metabolismus MeSH
- terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
- threonin chemie metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční faktory chemie metabolismus MeSH
- tyrosin metabolismus MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
