4-Azaindole (1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine; 4aza) and its N1-alkylated derivative N1-isopropyl-4-azaindole (1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine; ip4aza) have been used for the preparation of the cis-diiodido-platinum(II) complexes cis-[Pt(4aza)2I2] (1), cis-[PtI2(ip4aza)2] (2), cis-[Pt(4aza)I2(NH3)] (3) and cis-[PtI2(ip4aza)(NH3)] (4). The prepared complexes were thoroughly characterized (e.g., multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry) and their in vitro cytotoxicity was assessed at human ovarian carcinoma (A2780), cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma (A2780R) and colon carcinoma (HT-29) cell lines, where they showed, in some cases, significantly higher activity than the used reference-drug cisplatin. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity testing at the A2780 and A2780R cells indicated that alkylation of the 4-azaindole moiety at the position of the N1 atom had a positive biological effect, because the ip4aza-containing complexes 2 and 4 showed significantly (p < 0.005) higher cytotoxicity than 4aza-containing analogues 1 and 3. The resistance factors (A2780R/A2780 model) equalled 0.8-1.4, indicating the ability of complexes 1-4 to overcome the acquired resistance of the A2780 cells against cisplatin. Complexes 1 and 2 revealed low toxicity against primary culture of human hepatocytes. The flow cytometry studies of the A2780 cell cycle modification showed that complexes 1-4 induce different cell cycle perturbations as compared with cisplatin, thus suggesting a different mechanism of their antitumor action.

• MeSH
• buněčný cyklus účinky léků   MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
• indoly chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• nádorové buňky kultivované MeSH
• organoplatinové sloučeniny chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• proliferace buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• protinádorové látky chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• screeningové testy protinádorových léčiv MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

This study describes a one-pot synthesis of superparamagnetic maghemite-based 4-aminobenzoic acid-coated spherical core-shell nanoparticles (PABA@FeNPs) as suitable nanocomposites potentially usable as magnetic carriers for drug delivery. The PABA@FeNPs system was subsequently functionalized by the activated species (1* and 2*) of highly in vitro cytotoxic cis-[PtCl2(3Claza)2] (1; 3Claza stands for 3-chloro-7-azaindole) or cis-[PtCl2(5Braza)2] (2; 5Braza stands for 5-bromo-7-azaindole), which were prepared by a silver(I) ion assisted dechlorination of the parent dichlorido complexes. The products 1*@PABA@FeNPs and 2*@PABA@FeNPs, as well as an intermediate PABA@FeNPs, were characterized by a combination of various techniques, such as Mössbauer, FTIR and EDS spectroscopy, thermal analysis, SEM and TEM. The results showed that the products consist of well-dispersed maghemite-based nanoparticles of 13 nm average size that represent an easily obtainable system for delivery of highly cytotoxic cisplatin-like complexes in oncological practice.

• MeSH
• cisplatina aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• indoly chemická syntéza   chemie   MeSH
• kyselina 4-aminobenzoová aplikace a dávkování   chemická syntéza   chemie   MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory farmakoterapie   MeSH
• nanočástice chemie   MeSH
• nosiče léků chemická syntéza   chemie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky chemie   MeSH
• stříbro chemie   MeSH
• železité sloučeniny chemická syntéza   chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

A series of gold(I) complexes of the general composition [Au(naza)(PPh₃)] (1-8) was prepared and thoroughly characterized (e.g., electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy). The N1-deprotonated anions of 7-azaindole or its derivatives (naza) are coordinated to the metal centre through the N1 atom of their pyrrole ring, as proved by a single crystal X-ray analysis of the complexes [Au(3I5Braza)(PPh₃)] (7) and [Au(2Me4Claza)(PPh₃)]·½H₂O (8'). The in vitrocytotoxicity of the complexes 1-8 was studied against both the cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant variants of the A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cell line, as well as against the MRC-5 human normal fibroblast cell line. The complexes 4, 5, and 8, containing deprotonated 3-iodo-7-azaindole, 5-bromo-7-azaindole, and 2-methyl-4-chloro-7-azaindole (2Me4Claza), respectively, showed significantly higher potency (IC50 = 2.8-3.5 µM) than cisplatin (IC50 = 20.3 µM) against the A2780 cells and markedly lower effect towards the MRC-5 non-cancerous cells (IC50 = 26.0-29.2 µM), as compared with the mentioned A2780 cancer cells. The results of the flow cytometric studies of the A2780 cell cycle perturbations revealed a G₂-cell cycle phase arrest of the cells treated by the representative complexes 1 and 5, which is indicative of a different mechanism of action from cisplatin (induced S-cell cycle phase arrest). The stability of the representative complex 8 in the water-containing solution as well as its ability to interact with the reduced glutathione, cysteine and bovine serum albumin was also studied using ¹H and (31)P-NMR spectroscopy (studied in the 50% DMF-d₇/50% D₂O mixture) and ESI+ mass spectrometry (studied in the 50% DMF/50% H₂O mixture); DMF = dimethylformamide. The obtained results are indicative for the release of the N-donor azaindole-based ligand in the presence of the used biomolecules.

• MeSH
• buněčná smrt účinky léků   MeSH
• buněčný cyklus účinky léků   MeSH
• fosfiny chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• indoly chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• protinádorové látky farmakologie   MeSH
• protonová magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
• voda chemie   MeSH
• zlato farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This minireview is devoted to the complexes of various transition metals, which contain azaindole ring coordinated to the metal centre, and whose cytotoxicity was studied. We decided to overview this interesting group of coordination compounds with the aim to highlight various structural types of complexes depending on the metal centre (i.e., Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir or Au) and type of the used co-ligand(s). The presented complexes are also reviewed in context of their toxicity, selectivity and processes connected with their mechanism of action. Some of complexes were also studied on in vivo models showing promising results comparable with the commonly used anticancer drug cisplatin. It can be deduced from the herein overviewed literature data regarding transition metal complexes containing azaindoles as ligands, that at least a few of them may represent suitable and promising candidates in the field of anticancer therapy. As one of the examples, the cis-[PtI2(2Me4Cl-7aza)2] complex (2Me4Cl-7aza = 2-methyl-4-chloro-7-azaindole) should be mentioned, which showed considerably higher in vitro cytotoxicity than cisplatin, the ability to overcome both the acquired and natural resistance of human cancer cells in comparison with the biological action of cisplatin, different mechanism of action than cisplatin and comparable in vivo anticancer activity with cisplatin.

• MeSH
• cytotoxiny * chemická syntéza   chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• indoly * chemická syntéza   chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• komplexní sloučeniny * chemická syntéza   chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory farmakoterapie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• přechodné kovy chemie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky * chemická syntéza   chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The platinum(II) oxalato complexes [Pt(ox)(naza)2] (1-3) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis (C, H, N), multinuclear NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (13)C, (15)N, (195)Pt) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS); naza = 4-chloro-7-azaindole (4Claza; 1), 3-bromo-7-azaindole (3Braza; 2) or 4-bromo-7-azaindole (4Braza; 3). The prepared substances were screened for their in vitro antitumor activity on the osteosarcoma (HOS) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) human cancer cell lines, where 2 showed moderate antitumor effect (IC50 = 27.5 μM, and 18.3 μM, respectively). The complex 2 was further tested on a panel of six others human cancer cell lines, including the malignant melanoma (G361), cervix carcinoma (HeLa), ovarian carcinoma (A2780), cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma (A2780R), lung carcinoma (A549) and prostate adenocarcinoma (LNCaP). This substance was found to be moderate antitumor effective against G361 (IC50 = 17.3 μM), HeLa (IC50 = 31.8 μM) and A2780 (IC50 = 19.2 μM) cell lines. The complex 2 was also studied by NMR for its solution stability and by ESI-MS experiments for its ability to interact with biomolecules, such as cysteine, glutathione or guanosine 5'-monophosphate.

• MeSH
• indoly chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nukleární magnetická rezonance biomolekulární MeSH
• organoplatinové sloučeniny chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• oxaláty chemie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

A series of organometallic half-sandwich dichloridoruthenium(II) complexes of the general formula [Ru(η6-p-cym)(naza)Cl2] (1-8; p-cym = p-cymene; naza = 7-azaindole or its derivatives) was synthesised and fully characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and infrared and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. A single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of [Ru(η6-p-cym)(2Me4Claza)Cl2] (6) revealed a typical piano-stool geometry with an N7-coordination mode of 2-methyl-4-chloro-7-azaindole (2Me4Claza). The complexes have been found to be inactive against human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 up to the highest applied concentration (IC50 > 50.0 μM). An inactivity of the complexes is caused by their instability in water-containing solvents connected with a release of the naza N-donor ligand, as proved by the detailed 1H NMR, mass spectrometry and fluorescence experiments.

• MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární modely MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nukleární magnetická rezonance biomolekulární MeSH
• protinádorové látky chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The platinum(II) dichlorido and oxalato complexes of the general formula cis-[PtCl(2)(nHaza)(2)] (1-3) [Pt(ox)(nHaza)(2)] (4-6) involving 7-azaindole halogeno-derivatives (nHaza) were prepared and thoroughly characterized. A single-crystal X-ray analysis of cis-[PtCl(2)(3ClHaza)(2)]·DMF (1·DMF; 3ClHaza symbolizes 3-chloro-7-azaindole) revealed a distorted square-planar arrangement with both the 3ClHaza molecules coordinated through their N7 atoms in a cis fashion. In vitro cytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated by an MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay against the HOS (osteosarcoma), MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and LNCaP (prostate adenocarcinoma) human cancer cell lines. The dichlorido complexes 1-3 (IC(50)=3.8, 3.9, and 2.5 μM, respectively) showed significantly higher in vitro anticancer effect against HOS as compared with cisplatin, whose IC(50)=37.7 μM. The biological effect of cisplatin against MCF7 (IC(50)=24.5 μM) and LNCaP (IC(50)=3.8 μM) was also exceeded by 1-3 (except for 2 against LNCaP), but the difference can be classified as significant only in the case of 1 (IC(50)=3.4 μM) and 3 (IC(50)=2.0 μM) against MCF7. The molecular pharmacological studies (RNA synthesis by T7 RNA polymerase in vitro) proved that 1-3 bind to DNA in a similar manner as cisplatin, since the RNA synthesis products of 1-3 and cisplatin showed a similar sequence profile of major bands.

• MeSH
• cisplatina * analogy a deriváty   chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• cytotoxiny * chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• indoly chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádory farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• protinádorové látky * chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• RNA nádorová biosyntéza   MeSH
• RNA biosyntéza   MeSH
• screeningové testy protinádorových léčiv metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The cis-[PtCl2(naza)2] complexes (1-3) containing monosubstituted 7-azaindole halogeno-derivatives (naza), showed significantly higher activity than cisplatin towards ovarian carcinoma A2780, its cisplatin-resistant variant A2780R, osteosarcoma HOS, breast carcinoma MCF7 and cervix carcinoma HeLa cell lines, with the IC50 values of 3.8, 3.5, 4.5, 2.7, and 9.2 μM, respectively, obtained for the most active complex 3. As for 4 and 5 having disubstituted 7-azaindoles in their molecule, the significant cytotoxicity was detected only for 4 against A2780 (IC50 = 4.8 μM), A2780R (IC50 = 3.8 μM) and HOS (IC50 = 4.3 μM), while 5 was evaluated as having only moderate antiproliferative effect against the mentioned cancer cell lines with IC50 = 33.4, 24.7 and 46.7 μM, respectively. All the studied complexes 1-5 effectively avoided the acquired resistance of ovarian carcinoma cell line. On the other hand, the complexes did not reveal any inhibition activity on the purified 20S proteasome from the A2780 cells. The representative complexes 3 and 5 showed low ability to be hydrolysed, but their stability was markedly lowered in the presence of physiological sulphur-containing biomolecule glutathione (GSH), as proved by the 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry studies. A rate of interaction of the studied complexes with GSH was affected by an addition of another mechanistically relevant biomolecule guanosine monophosphate. The differences in interactions of 3 and 5 with GSH correlate well with their different cytotoxicity profiles.

• MeSH
• chemorezistence MeSH
• cisplatina chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• glutathion chemie   MeSH
• HeLa buňky MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• indoly chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• MFC-7 buňky MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• nukleární magnetická rezonance biomolekulární MeSH
• organoplatinové sloučeniny chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

A series of platinum(II) diiodido complexes containing 7-azaindole derivatives, having the general formula cis-[PtI2(naza)2] (1-8), has been prepared and thoroughly characterized, including X-ray structure analysis of cis-[PtI2(2Me4Claza)2]∙DMF (8∙DMF; 2Me4Claza = 2-methyl-4-chloro-7-azaindole). Complexes showed high in vitro cytotoxicity against nine human cancer cell lines (IC50 ranging from 0.4 to 12.8 μM), including the cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line (A2780R; IC50 = 1.0-3.5 μM). The results of in vivo testing, using the L1210 lymphocytic leukaemia model, at the equimolar doses of Pt with cisplatin (2 mg/kg) confirmed the activity of complex 8 comparable to cisplatin. From the mechanistic point of view, evaluated ex vivo by Western blot analyses on the samples of isolated tumour tissues, the treatment of the animals with complex 8, contrary to cisplatin, decreased the levels of tumour suppressor p53 and increased significantly the amount of intracellular anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1L (37 kDa). Additionally, the active form of caspase 3 was significantly elevated in the sample of tumour tissues treated with complex 8, indicating that the activation of p53-independent cell-death pathway was initiated. The light and electron microscopy observations of the cancerous tissues revealed necrosis as a dominant mechanism of cell death, followed by scarce signs of apoptosis. The additional results (e.g. in vitro interaction experiments with selected biomolecules, cell cycle perturbations, gel electrophoretic studies on pUC19 plasmid DNA) supported the hypothesis that the complexes might be involved in the mechanism of action quite different from cisplatin.

• MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   MeSH
• buněčný cyklus účinky léků   MeSH
• chemorezistence účinky léků   MeSH
• cisplatina aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• indoly aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• kaspasa 3 genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádorový supresorový protein p53 genetika   MeSH
• nádory vaječníků farmakoterapie   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• organoplatinové sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• plazmidy účinky léků   MeSH
• proliferace buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The platinum(II) malonato (Mal) and decanoato (Dec) complexes of the general formulas [Pt(Mal)(naza)2] (1-3) and cis-[Pt(Dec)2(naza)2] (4-7) were prepared, characterized and tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity against cisplatin-sensitive (A2780) and cisplatin-resistant (A2780R) human ovarian carcinoma cell lines and non-cancerous human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5); naza=halogeno-derivatives of 7-azaindole. Complexes 1-7 effectively overcome the acquired resistance of ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin. Complexes 2 (IC50=26.6±8.9μM against A2780 and 28.9±6.7μM against A2780R), 4 (IC50=14.5±0.6μM against A2780 and 14.5±3.8μM against A2780R) and 5 (IC50=13.0±1.1μM against A2780 and 13.6±4.9μM against A2780R) indicated decreased toxicity against healthy MRC-5 cells (IC50>50.0μM for 2 and >25.0μM for 4 and 5). The representative complexes 2 and 4 showed mutually different effect on the A2780 cell cycle at IC50 concentrations after 24h exposure. Concretely, the complex 2 caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, while 4 induced cell death by apoptosis with high population of cells in sub-G1 cell cycle phase. The hydrolysis and interactions of the selected complexes with biomolecules (glutathione (GSH) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP)) were also studied by means of (1)H NMR and ESI+ mass spectra.

• MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• chemorezistence účinky léků   MeSH
• cisplatina chemie   MeSH
• epitelové buňky účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• fibroblasty cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• glutathion chemie   MeSH
• indoly chemie   MeSH
• inhibiční koncentrace 50 MeSH
• komplexní sloučeniny chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• kontrolní body fáze G1 buněčného cyklu účinky léků   MeSH
• kyselina 5'-guanylová chemie   MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• organoplatinové sloučeniny chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH