According to the congruency hypothesis, relationship satisfaction is predicted by the congruency (or non-congruency) between current use of oral contraceptives (OC) and their use during relationship formation. This is based on findings that OC may alter women's mate preferences, so that attraction to their partner may have changed in non-congruent women. Indeed, some studies find that women in a non-congruent state were less sexually satisfied with their partner, although they were more satisfied in non-sexual aspects of the relationship. However, some other studies have produced null results, calling the hypothesis into question. In this study, we tested the congruency hypothesis in two samples of pregnant women, and in two samples of couples attending a fertility clinic. In all four samples, couples completed questionnaires on relationship and sexual satisfaction and the women also reported their previous and current contraceptive use. In one sample of pregnant women, we found that women who used OC during relationship formation were more sexually satisfied with their partner compared to women who did not use OC at that time; this pattern has previously been interpreted as supporting the congruency hypothesis in view of certain similarities in hormonal profile between OC use and pregnancy. We did not find any significant effect of OC use during relationship formation on sexual and relationship satisfaction in the other sample of pregnant women, either sample attending the fertility clinic, or in the male partners of any of our samples. Our results thus provide mixed support for the congruency hypothesis. Finally, we discuss recommendations for future studies such as use of within-subject designs and more structured assessment of sexual satisfaction.

• MeSH
• Interpersonal Relations * MeSH
• Fertility Clinics MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral * administration & dosage   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Personal Satisfaction * MeSH
• Sexual Partners * psychology   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Cíle. Cílem studie bylo odhadnout základní psychometrické charakteristiky české verze NEO pětifaktorového osobnostního inventáře (NEO- -PI-3) pro měření pěti obecných dimenzí osobnosti. Vzorek. NEO-PI-3 byl předložen k sebeposouzení 1639 českým respondentům ve věku od 20 do 76 let. Hypotézy. Autoři předpokládali, že inventář NEO-PI-3 bude mít srovnatelné nebo lepší psychometrické charakteristiky než NEO-PI-R. Analýza dat. Pro odhad vnitřní konzistnce škál a subškál dotazníku NEO-PI-3 byl použit Cronbachův koeficient alfa. Struktura subškál NEO- -PI-3 byla odvozena metodou hlavních komponent (Principal Component Analysis, rotace Varimax) a konformační faktorovou analýzou. Struktura NEO-PI-3 byla pomocí koeficientů kongruence porovnána se strukturou NEO-PI-R a americkou normativní strukturou NEO-PI-3. Byly zjištěny korelace rodu a věku respondentů s charakteristikami pětifaktorového modelu. Schopnost položek NEO-FFI-3 reprezentovat celkové skóry z NEO-PI-3 byla zjišťována pomocí Pearsonova koeficientu korelace. Výsledky. Škály NEO-PI-3 mají vynikající vnitřní konzistenci, která se pohybovala od 0,90 do 0,94. Vnitřní konzistence subškál se pohybovala od 0,43 do 0,83, medián 0,79. Všechny subškály NEO-PI-3 dosahují faktorového náboje většího nebo rovného 0,40 na odpovídajícím faktoru. Pouze v pěti případech měla subškála sekundární faktorový náboj vyšší než 0,40 na dalším faktoru. Kongruence (škál) NEO inventářů při porovnání české struktury NEO-PI-R a NEO-PI-3 se pohybuje v rozmezí od 0,98 do 0,99; při porovnání české struktury NEO-PI-3 s americkou normativní strukturou NEO-PI-3 byly kongruence v rozmezí od 0,97 do 0,98. S věkem ubývá míra neuroticismu, extraverze a otevřenosti vůči zkušenosti a přibývá míra přívětivosti a svědomitosti. Ženy se ve srovnání s muži posuzovaly jako neurotičtější a přívětivější. Zkrácená verze NEO-FFI-3 rekonstruuje z 83 % skóry NEO- -PI-3. Omezení studie. Studie neobsahuje důkazy o konvergentní validitě, retestové reliabilitě a shodě mezi různými posuzovateli.

Objectives. The aim of the study was estimation of basic psychometric properties of the Czech version of the NEO Personality Inventory 3 (NEO-PI-3) for measuring five basic personality dimensions. Subject and settings. The NEO-PI-3 for selfreport were administered to 1,639 participants in age from 20 to 76 years. Hypothesis. It was expected that the Czech version of the NEO-PI-3 will have the same or better psychometric properties then the NEO-PI-R. Statistical analysis. Internal consistency of the NEO-PI-3 domains and facets was estimated using Cronbach alpha coefficient. The structure of the NEO-PI-3 was derived from Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. The NEO-PI-3 structure was compared using congruence coefficients with the structure of the NEO-PI-R and with the American normative structure of the NEO-PI-3. Gender and age of participants were correlated with domains and facets of the NEOPI- 3. The correspondence of the short version The NEO-FFI-3 and The NEO-PI-3 was estimated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results. The NEO-PI-3 domains showed excellent internal consistency, ranging from 0.90 to 0.94. Facets’ internal consistency ranged from 0.43 to 0.83, median 0.79. All facets of the NEO-PI-3 reached component loadings higher or equal 0.40 on intended component. Only in five cases, facet had secondary component loading higher than 0.40 on another component. Domain congruency of the NEO Inventories when comparing Czech NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 structures ranged from 0.98 to 0.99; when comparing Czech NEO-PI-3 structure with American normative NEO-PI-3 structure congruence ranged from 0.97 to 0.98. Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness to Experience decreased with age and Agreeableness and Conscientiousness increased with age. Women described themselves as more neurotic and agreeable in comparison with men. Short version of the NEO-FFI-3 captured 83% of the full NEO-PI-3 variance. Study limitation. The study did not include test of convergent validity of the instrument, testretest reliability and self-other agreement.

• MeSH
• Factor Analysis, Statistical MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Personality Inventory * MeSH
• Personality Tests MeSH
• Psychometrics methods   standards   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Príspevok prezentuje skúmanie problematiky vzdelávania vedúcich pracovníkov v organizácii v intenciách prístupu zameraného na človeka. Cieľom vzdelávania je rozvíjať ústredné postojové kvality prístupu - akceptáciu, empatiu a kongruenciu ako súčasť sociálnych kompetencií, ktoré podporujú efektívne a úspešné pracovné vzťahy. V rámci účinnosti vzdelávania príspevok prezentuje efektivitu interpersonálneho správania vedúcich pracovníkov v riešení interpersonálnych, primárne záťažových situácií. 116 vedúcich pracovníkov po absolvovaní 6-dňového výcviku riešilo 3 modelové záťažové situácie. Obsahová analýza reakcií interpersonálneho charakteru predpoklad o prevahe efektívnych reakcií nad neefektívnymi nepotvrdila jednoznačne. Ukázala mierny nárast efektívnych reakcií s prevahou kongruentných reakcií nad neefektívnymi reakciami.

The paper presents the investigation of the managers' education in organizations from the perspective of person centered approach. The goal of the education is to develop the core attitude qualities of the approach – acceptance, empathy and congruence as a part of the social competences which support effective and successful working relationships. In the context of effective education the paper presents the effectiveness of interpersonal behavior of managers in solving interpersonal, primary stressful, situations. 116 managers solved three model situations after participating in 6 day training. Content analysis of interpersonal reactions did not support the hypothesis that effective reactions dominate over non-effective reactions. Low increase of effective reactions with dominance of congruent reactions over non-effective reactions was found out.

• Keywords
• Posuzování účinnosti vzdělávání manažerů, Přístup zaměřený na člověka (PCA), Řešení nzátěžových interpersonálních situací,
• MeSH
• Behavioral Research MeSH
• Empathy MeSH
• Interpersonal Relations * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Professional Competence MeSH
• Stress, Psychological * psychology   MeSH
• Social Perception MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Geographicals
• Slovakia MeSH

Genetic diversity is important for species' fitness and evolutionary processes but our knowledge on how it varies across a species' distribution range is limited. The abundant centre hypothesis (ACH) predicts that populations become smaller and more isolated towards the geographic range periphery - a pattern that in turn should be associated with decreasing genetic diversity and increasing genetic differentiation. We tested this hypothesis in Adonis vernalis, a dry grassland plant with an extensive Eurasian distribution. Its life-history traits and distribution characteristics suggest a low genetic diversity that decreases and a high genetic differentiation that increases towards the range edge. We analysed AFLP fingerprints in 28 populations along a 4698-km transect from the geographic range core in Russia to the western range periphery in Central and Western Europe. Contrary to our expectation, our analysis revealed high genetic diversity (range of proportion of polymorphic bands = 56-81%, He = 0.168-0.238) and low genetic differentiation across populations (Φ(ST) = 0.18). However, in congruence with the genetic predictions of the ACH, genetic diversity decreased and genetic differentiation increased towards the range periphery. Spanish populations were genetically distinct, suggesting a divergent post-glacial history in this region. The high genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation in the remaining A. vernalis populations is surprising given the species' life-history traits and points to the possibility that the species has been widely distributed in the studied region or that it has migrated from a diverse source in an East-West direction, in the past.

• MeSH
• Plant Dispersal * MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Phylogeography * MeSH
• Genetic Variation * MeSH
• Genetic Drift MeSH
• Adonis genetics   MeSH
• Ice Cover MeSH
• Microsatellite Repeats MeSH
• Grassland * MeSH
• Polymorphism, Genetic MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Spain MeSH

Sexuální reaktivitu lze charakterizovat jako somatickou reakci, která je kontrolována nadřazenými spinálními a mozkovými centry, modifikována hormonálním stavem organismu a psychickým vyladěním člověka. Ve svých fyziologických projevech se mezi pohlavími příliš neliší, nicméně se ukazuje, že ženy se oproti mužům ve vzorech sexuální reaktivity liší. Cílem této přehledové studie je blíže představit koncept tzv. (ne)specifičnosti sexuální reaktivity mužů a žen. Kategorická specifičnost sexuální reaktivity popisuje stav, kdy je genitální sexuální vzrušení jedince v souladu s jeho subjektivně pociťovaným vzrušením. Výzkumy na toto téma ale ukazují, že ženy jsou ve své sexuální reaktivitě kategoricky nespecifické a že tělesné sexuální vzrušení nemusí nutně odpovídat jejich subjektivně vnímanému sexuálnímu vzrušení. Výsledky předkládaných studií dále naznačují, že pro měření sexuální reaktivity při reakci na erotické stimuly u mužů a žen je jednak nutné pečlivě volit nejen typ stimulů (videa, fotografie), ale rovněž také vhodné měřící metody. V textu jsou dále nastíněny některé z hypotéz, které vysvětlují zmíněný nesoulad mezi subjektivním a genitálním sexuálním vzrušením žen. V závěru článku jsou uvedeny možné aplikace těchto poznatků do klinické praxe, a to především v kontextu problematičnosti měření sexuální orientace a sexuálních preferencí žen.

Sexual response is a somatic event mediated by the spinal cord and brain structures, modulated by the hormonal milieu and mental state of a person. Studies of sexual arousal have repeatedly demonstrated sex differences in genital response and subjective rating of arousal in subjects who were exposed to erotic video stimuli showing couples of different sexual orientations. Men exhibit higher re-sponses to stimuli of preferred sex (i.e., responses are category specific), while genital response in women is category non-specific. The aim of this review is to describe the concept of (non)specificity of sexual response in men and women. Category-specific sexual response describes a pattern wherein individuals show preferential genital response to a specific category of stimuli and this pattern is typical by congruence between genital arousal and subjective ratings. Studies of sexual arousal have repeatedly shown that female genital arousal is category non-specific while the subjective arousal is category specific. Also, these results suggest that it is necessary to carefully choose not only the type of stimuli (videos, photographs) but also an appropriate method of measurement. Hypothesis that might explain the lack of congruence between genital arousal and subjective ratings in women will be discussed. To conclude, clinical application tackling difficulties related to measurement of sexual orientation and sexual preference in women will be suggested.

• MeSH
• Erotica MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Psychosexual Development MeSH
• Reproductive Physiological Phenomena MeSH
• Sexuality * MeSH
• Sexual Behavior * MeSH
• Sex Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

INTRODUCTION: This study examines how negation is processed in a nonverbal context (e.g., when assessing ▲ ≠ ▲) by speakers of a truth-based system like Mandarin and a polarity-based system like English. In a truth-based system, negation may take longer to process because it is typically attached to the negation as a whole (it is not true that triangle does not equal triangle), whereas in polarity-based systems, negation is processed relatively faster because it is attached to just the equation symbol (triangle does not equal triangle), which is processed relatively faster. Our hypothesis was that negation processing routines previously observed for verbal contexts, namely that speakers of Mandarin get slowed down more when processing negative stimuli than positive stimuli compared to speakers of English, also extend to contexts when language use is not obligatory. METHODS: To test this, we asked participants to agree/disagree with equations comprising simple shapes and positive '=' or negative '≠' equation symbols. English speakers showed a response-time advantage over Mandarin speakers in negation conditions. In a separate experiment, we also tested the contribution of equation symbols '≠'/'=' to the cognitive demands by asking participants to judge shape sameness in symbol-free trials, such as ▲ ■. This comparison allowed us to test whether crosslinguistic differences arise not because of shape congruence judgement but arguably due to negation attachment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The effect of the '≠' symbol on shape congruence was language-specific, speeding up English speakers but slowing down Mandarin speakers when the two shapes differed. These findings suggest language-specific processing of negation in negative equations, interpreted as novel support for linguistic relativity.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Our study aimed to evaluate a group of patients who in the period from 2005 to 2014 underwent a four-corner arthrodesis of the wrist in our department. We also wanted to verify the hypothesis as to whether the use of conventional dorsal plate without the application of bone grafts leads to comparable results as the use of dorsal locking plates and routine application of bone grafts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Throughout the years 2005 to 2014 the four-corner arthrodesis of the wrist was performed in our department in a total of 62 patients, in two cases bilaterally. The indication was the diagnosis of SLAC/SNAC grade III. Normed RondoFix implant was used in all the cases. Following the surgery, the wrist was immobilized by a volar plaster splint for the period of 2 weeks and subsequently orthosis was applied for additional 4 weeks. The wrist mobilisation started in week seven when the orthosis was removed, the patients were allowed full load on the wrist 3 months after the surgery. Our group of patients was evaluated retrospectively, a total of 53 operated wrists in 51 patients were assessed. The assessment was carried out based on a radiograph of the wrist, range of motion, Mayo Modified Wrist Score, DASH Score and grip strength test. RESULTS The mean range of motion in sagittal plane was 63.7°, in frontal plane the mean value was 32.1°. According to the Mayo Modified Wrist Score 37 patients were rated "excellent" or "good". Due to the presence of moderate pain, the result in other 10 patients was assessed as "satisfactory". In a total of 4 patients the result was assessed as "weak", in two of them for a presence of non-union and in other two for severe pain under load. One of these patients underwent bilateral surgery and reported severe pain in both the wrists. Regarding DASH score, the best result equalled 0, the worst 65.83, with the mean of 20.5. The grip strength ranged from 8 to 54 kg, with the mean value of 27.5 kg. In two patients, a non-union occurred. In the first case the extraction of implant and re-arthrodesis was performed due to severe pain and screw migration. The patient is now 22 months after the surgery and the radiographs show that the arthrodesis has healed and the patient has no clinical difficulties. The second patient did not report any difficulties, therefore he is only subject to follow-up. No cases of screw or plate breakage were reported. In one case, the patient reported pain in the region of radial styloid process. A revision was indicated with radial styloidectomy and decompression of tendons of m. extensor pollicis brevis and m. abductor pollicis longus. As a result the patient had no clinical difficulty. One case of wrist radial deviation was recorded. It was managed by corrective wedge osteotomy and reosteosynthesis using a circular dorsal plate. In one patient dorsal impingement occurred, accompanied by limited range of motion and pain. Extraction of OS material was indicated and the patient was relieved of any difficulties. We have recorded aseptic necrosis of lunate bone in one case. DISCUSSION When comparing the functional results such as the range of motion and grip strength, our results are fully comparable to previously published papers. In papers where DASH was referred to, its value ranges from 13 to 29.82, which is fully consistent with our observations with the final value of 20.5. The incidence of non-union and the degree of complications is not deviating from the values included in other publications either. In all the mentioned publications the authors refer to routine use of bone grafts. The publications evaluating the use of locking plates do not report different results either. CONCLUSIONS In case of correct indication, the four-corner arthrodesis of the wrist represents a very good solution. In our group of patients, we confirmed the hypothesis that equally good results as with the use of locking plates can be achieved when using a non-locking plate system. Essential is the proper correction of DISI and primary good congruence between fused carpal bones instead of the use of bone grafts. Key words: SLAC wrist, SNAC wrist, four-corner arthrodesis, partial wrist fusion.

• MeSH
• Arthrodesis * MeSH
• Bone Plates * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Wrist Injuries physiopathology   surgery   MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Range of Motion, Articular MeSH
• Hand Strength MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH