Crithidia
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In the present work, we investigated molecular mechanisms governing thermal resistance of a monoxenous trypanosomatid Crithidia luciliae thermophila, which we reclassified as a separate species C. thermophila. We analyzed morphology, growth kinetics, and transcriptomic profiles of flagellates cultivated at low (23°C) and elevated (34°C) temperature. When maintained at high temperature, they grew significantly faster, became shorter, with genes involved in sugar metabolism and mitochondrial stress protection significantly upregulated. Comparison with another thermoresistant monoxenous trypanosomatid, Leptomonas seymouri, revealed dramatic differences in transcription profiles of the two species with only few genes showing the same expression pattern. This disparity illustrates differences in the biology of these two parasites and distinct mechanisms of their thermotolerance, a prerequisite for living in warm-blooded vertebrates.
- MeSH
- Crithidia analýza účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- DNA biosyntéza MeSH
- inhibitory růstu izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- thymidin metabolismus MeSH
- tritium MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 40 strains, in addition to the already-reported two type strains, of two Crithidia species infecting bumblebees in Alaska and Central Europe and demonstrated that different strains of Crithidia bombi and C. expoeki vary considerably in terms of single nucleotide polymorphisms and gene copy number. Based on the genomic structure, phylogenetic analyses, and the pattern of copy number variation, we confirmed the status of C. expoeki as a separate species. The Alaskan populations appear to be clearly separated from those of Central Europe. This pattern fits a scenario of rapid host-parasite coevolution, where the selective advantage of a given parasite strain is only temporary. This study provides helpful insights into possible scenarios of selection and diversification of trypanosomatid parasites.IMPORTANCE A group of trypanosomatid flagellates includes several well-studied medically and economically important parasites of vertebrates and plants. Nevertheless, the vast majority of trypanosomatids infect only insects (mostly flies and true bugs) and, because of that, has attracted little research attention in the past. Of several hundred trypanosomatid species, only four can infect bees (honeybees and bumblebees). Because of such scarcity, these parasites are severely understudied. We analyzed whole-genome information for a total of 42 representatives of bee-infecting trypanosomatids collected in Central Europe and Alaska from a population genetics point of view. Our data shed light on the evolution, selection, and diversification in this important group of trypanosomatid parasites.
- MeSH
- Crithidia genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- genom protozoální * MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
- variabilita počtu kopií segmentů DNA * MeSH
- včely parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Aljaška MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
Trypanosomatids are unicellular parasites living in a wide range of host environments, which to large extent shaped their mitochondrial energy metabolism, resulting in quite large differences even among closely related flagellates. In a comparative manner, we analyzed the activities and composition of mitochondrial respiratory complexes in four species (Leishmania tarentolae, Crithidia fasciculata, Phytomonas serpens and Trypanosoma brucei), which represent the main model trypanosomatids. Moreover, we measured the activity of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the overall oxygen consumption and the mitochondrial membrane potential in each species. The comparative analysis suggests an inverse relationship between the activities of respiratory complexes I and II, as well as the overall activity of the canonical complexes and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Our comparative analysis shows that mitochondrial functions are highly variable in these versatile parasites.
- MeSH
- glycerolfosfátdehydrogenasa metabolismus MeSH
- kyslík metabolismus MeSH
- membránový potenciál mitochondrií MeSH
- mitochondrie enzymologie metabolismus MeSH
- oxidativní fosforylace * MeSH
- transport elektronů MeSH
- Trypanosomatina genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Heme is an iron-coordinated porphyrin that is universally essential as a protein cofactor for fundamental cellular processes, such as electron transport in the respiratory chain, oxidative stress response, or redox reactions in various metabolic pathways. Parasitic kinetoplastid flagellates represent a rare example of organisms that depend on oxidative metabolism but are heme auxotrophs. Here, we show that heme is fully dispensable for the survival of Phytomonas serpens, a plant parasite. Seeking to understand the metabolism of this heme-free eukaryote, we searched for heme-containing proteins in its de novo sequenced genome and examined several cellular processes for which heme has so far been considered indispensable. We found that P. serpens lacks most of the known hemoproteins and does not require heme for electron transport in the respiratory chain, protection against oxidative stress, or desaturation of fatty acids. Although heme is still required for the synthesis of ergosterol, its precursor, lanosterol, is instead incorporated into the membranes of P. serpens grown in the absence of heme. In conclusion, P. serpens is a flagellate with unique metabolic adaptations that allow it to bypass all requirements for heme.
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- Crithidia fasciculata metabolismus MeSH
- ergosterol chemie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hem chemie MeSH
- Kinetoplastida metabolismus MeSH
- kyslík chemie MeSH
- lanosterol chemie MeSH
- mastné kyseliny chemie MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- oxidační stres MeSH
- porfyriny chemie MeSH
- steroly chemie MeSH
- transport elektronů MeSH
- Trypanosomatina metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This work is focused on the molecular revision of the genus Wallaceina established in the very twilight of the classical morphotype-based approach to classification of the Trypanosomatidae. The genus was erected due to the presence of a unique variant of endomastigotes. In molecular phylogenetic studies four described species of Wallaceina were shown to be extremely close to each other and to some other undescribed isolates clustered within Leishmaniinae clade, while three recently included species formed a separate clade. Our results of morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that all Leishmaniinae-bound wallaceinas are just different isolates of the same species that we rename back to Crithidia brevicula Frolov, Malysheva, 1989. To accommodate former Wallaceina spp. phylogenetically distant from the genus Crithidia, we propose a new generic name Wallacemonas Kostygov et Yurchenko, 2014.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- geny rRNA MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- mikroskopie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- protozoální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- RNA protozoální genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- Trypanosomatina klasifikace cytologie genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
