The estimation of the speed of human motion from wearable IMU sensors is required in applications such as pedestrian dead reckoning. In this paper, we test deep learning methods for the prediction of the motion speed from raw readings of a low-cost IMU sensor. Each subject was observed using three sensors at the shoe, shin, and thigh. We show that existing general-purpose architectures outperform classical feature-based approaches and propose a novel architecture tailored for this task. The proposed architecture is based on a semi-supervised variational auto-encoder structure with innovated decoder in the form of a dense layer with a sinusoidal activation function. The proposed architecture achieved the lowest average error on the test data. Analysis of sensor placement reveals that the best location for the sensor is the shoe. Significant accuracy gain was observed when all three sensors were available. All data acquired in this experiment and the code of the estimation methods are available for download.

• MeSH
• bérec MeSH
• chodci * MeSH
• deep learning * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nositelná elektronika * MeSH
• pohyb těles MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Kniha BYZNYS ETIKETA A KOMUNIKACE je určena všem, kteří chtějí dosáhnout úspěchu ve své profesi, ať už ve světě obchodu, financí, veřejné správy či politiky. Je nepostradatelná pro všechny, kdo komunikují s klienty či obchodními partnery, ať jde o manažery firem a úřadů, obchodní zástupce, agenty pojišťoven, realitní makléře či pracovníky finančních společností, kteří nabízejí služby veřejnosti. Je skvělou příručkou pro studenty diplomacie a mezinárodních vztahů, komunikace a mediální komunikace.Podrobně rozebírá pravidla etikety ve všech oblastech, které podmiňují úspěch při jednání, počínaje vhodným oblečením přes kontaktní situace až po stolování a účast na společenských akcích. Najdeme v ní praktické návody, jak řešit dress code, pozvánky, chování při různých pracovních i společenských setkáních. V kapitolách o komunikaci najde čtenář poučení o zásadách jednání s klientem, o vyjednávání a jeho taktice, o dovednosti, jak účinně prezentovat. Nechybějí kapitoly o jazykové stránce veřejných projevů a rétorice. Manažeři a politikové uvítají i kapitoly o komunikaci s médii. Kniha poslouží jako praktické kompendium zahrnující všechny poznatky z oboru etikety a komunikačních dovedností.; Kniha BYZNYS ETIKETA A KOMUNIKACE je určena všem, kteří chtějí dosáhnout úspěchu ve své profesi, ať už ve světě obchodu, financí, veřejné správy či politiky. Je nepostradatelná pro všechny, kdo komunikují s klienty či obchodními partnery, ať jde o manažery firem a úřadů, obchodní zástupce, agenty pojišťoven, realitní makléře či pracovníky finančních společností, kteří nabízejí služby veřejnosti. Je skvělou příručkou pro studenty diplomacie a mezinárodních vztahů, komunikace a mediální komunikace. Podrobně rozebírá pravidla etikety ve všech oblastech, které podmiňují úspěch při jednání, počínaje vhodným oblečením přes kontaktní situace až po stolování a účast na společenských akcích. Najdeme v ní praktické návody, jak řešit dress code, pozvánky, chování při různých pracovních i společenských setkáních. V kapitolách o komunikaci najde čtenář poučení o zásadách jednání s klientem, o vyjednávání a jeho taktice, o dovednosti, jak účinně prezentovat. Nechybějí kapitoly o jazykové stránce veřejných projevů a rétorice. Manažeři a politikové uvítají i kapitoly o komunikaci s médii. Kniha poslouží jako praktické kompendium zahrnující všechny poznatky z oboru etikety a komunikačních dovedností.

OBJECTIVE: One of the primary goals of neuroscience is to understand how neurons encode and process information about their environment. The problem is often approached indirectly by examining the degree to which the neuronal response reflects the stimulus feature of interest. APPROACH: In this context, the methods of signal estimation and detection theory provide the theoretical limits on the decoding accuracy with which the stimulus can be identified. The Cramér-Rao lower bound on the decoding precision is widely used, since it can be evaluated easily once the mathematical model of the stimulus-response relationship is determined. However, little is known about the behavior of different decoding schemes with respect to the bound if the neuronal population size is limited. MAIN RESULTS: We show that under broad conditions the optimal decoding displays a threshold-like shift in performance in dependence on the population size. The onset of the threshold determines a critical range where a small increment in size, signal-to-noise ratio or observation time yields a dramatic gain in the decoding precision. SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrate the existence of such threshold regions in early auditory and olfactory information coding. We discuss the origin of the threshold effect and its impact on the design of effective coding approaches in terms of relevant population size.

• MeSH
• akční potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• algoritmy * MeSH
• evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely neurologické * MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

It is automatically assumed that the accuracy with which a stimulus can be decoded is entirely determined by the properties of the neuronal system. We challenge this perspective by showing that the identification of pure tone intensities in an auditory nerve fiber depends on both the stochastic response model and the arbitrarily chosen stimulus units. We expose an apparently paradoxical situation in which it is impossible to decide whether loud or quiet tones are encoded more precisely. Our conclusion reaches beyond the topic of auditory neuroscience, however, as we show that the choice of stimulus scale is an integral part of the neural coding problem and not just a matter of convenience.

• MeSH
• akustická stimulace metody   MeSH
• algoritmy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely neurologické * MeSH
• nervová vlákna fyziologie   MeSH
• nervové vedení fyziologie   MeSH
• nervus cochlearis fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačová simulace využití   MeSH
• stochastické procesy MeSH
• vnímání hlasitosti fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• OpenSSL,
• MeSH
• počítačové komunikační sítě MeSH
• zabezpečení počítačových systémů MeSH
• Publikační typ
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Programování. Software
• Počítačová věda. Výpočetní technika. Informační technologie
• NLK Obory
• knihovnictví, informační věda a muzeologie

Neuronal systems exhibit impressive capabilities in decision making and action coordination by employing the encoded information about both external and internal environments. Despite the tremendous effort of neuroscientists, the exact nature of the neuronal code remains elusive. Various experimental and theoretical techniques have been used to resolve the question in recent decades, with methods of signal estimation and detection theory playing an important part. In this paper we review the particular approach which relies on the concepts of Fisher information and Cramér-Rao bound. These concepts essentially investigate the neuronal coding problem by addressing the theoretical limits on the decoding precision, be it in single neurons or in their populations. Despite the success of this approach in many instances, the underlying mathematical theory is not free of certain restrictive assumptions which might complicate the inference in some cases of interest. We recapitulate the assumptions and examine the practical extent of their validity.

• MeSH
• akční potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• informační teorie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely neurologické * MeSH
• nervová síť fyziologie   MeSH
• nervový přenos fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• neurovědy metody   MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• ukládání a vyhledávání informací metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Eustigmatophyceae (Ochrophyta, Stramenopiles) is a small algal group with species of the genus Nannochloropsis being its best studied representatives. Nuclear and organellar genomes have been recently sequenced for several Nannochloropsis spp., but phylogenetically wider genomic studies are missing for eustigmatophytes. We sequenced mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of three species representing most major eustigmatophyte lineages, Monodopsis sp. MarTras21, Vischeria sp. CAUP Q 202 and Trachydiscus minutus, and carried out their comparative analysis in the context of available data from Nannochloropsis and other stramenopiles, revealing a number of noticeable findings. First, mitogenomes of most eustigmatophytes are highly collinear and similar in the gene content, but extensive rearrangements and loss of three otherwise ubiquitous genes happened in the Vischeria lineage; this correlates with an accelerated evolution of mitochondrial gene sequences in this lineage. Second, eustigmatophytes appear to be the only ochrophyte group with the Atp1 protein encoded by the mitogenome. Third, eustigmatophyte mitogenomes uniquely share a truncated nad11 gene encoding only the C-terminal part of the Nad11 protein, while the N-terminal part is encoded by a separate gene in the nuclear genome. Fourth, UGA as a termination codon and the cognate release factor mRF2 were lost from mitochondria independently by the Nannochloropsis and T. minutus lineages. Finally, the rps3 gene in the mitogenome of Vischeria sp. is interrupted by the UAG codon, but the genome includes a gene for an unusual tRNA with an extended anticodon loop that we speculate may serve as a suppressor tRNA to properly decode the rps3 gene.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genom mitochondriální MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• Heterokontophyta genetika   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Members of the Bifidobacteriaceae family represent both dominant microbial groups that colonize the gut of various animals, especially during the suckling stage of their life, while they also occur as pathogenic bacteria of the urogenital tract. The pan-genome of the genus Bifidobacterium has been explored in detail in recent years, though genomics of the Bifidobacteriaceae family has not yet received much attention. Here, a comparative genomic analyses of 67 Bifidobacteriaceae (sub) species including all currently recognized genera of this family, i.e., Aeriscardovia, Alloscardovia, Bifidobacterium, Bombiscardovia, Gardnerella, Neoscardovia, Parascardovia, Pseudoscardovia and Scardovia, was performed. Furthermore, in order to include a representative of each of the 67 (currently recognized) (sub) species belonging to the Bifidobacteriaceae family, we sequenced the genomes of an additional 11 species from this family, accomplishing the most extensive comparative genomic analysis performed within this family so far. RESULTS: Phylogenomics-based analyses revealed the deduced evolutionary pathway followed by each member of the Bifidobacteriaceae family, highlighting Aeriscardovia aeriphila LMG 21773 as the deepest branch in the evolutionary tree of this family. Furthermore, functional analyses based on genome content unveil connections between a given member of the family, its carbohydrate utilization abilities and its corresponding host. In this context, bifidobacterial (sub) species isolated from humans and monkeys possess the highest relative number of acquired glycosyl hydrolase-encoding genes, probably in order to enhance their metabolic ability to utilize different carbon sources consumed by the host. CONCLUSIONS: Within the Bifidobacteriaceae family, genomics of the genus Bifidobacterium has been extensively investigated. In contrast, very little is known about the genomics of members of the other eight genera of this family. In this study, we decoded the genome sequences of each member of the Bifidobacteriaceae family. Thanks to subsequent comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses, the deduced pan-genome of this family, as well as the predicted evolutionary development of each taxon belonging to this family was assessed.

• MeSH
• Bifidobacterium genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genomika * MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

The ribosome translates information encoded by mRNAs into proteins in all living cells. In eukaryotes, its small subunit together with a number of eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) is responsible for locating the mRNA's translational start to properly decode the genetic message that it carries. This multistep process requires timely and spatially coordinated placement of eIFs on the ribosomal surface. In our long-standing pursuit to map the 40S-binding site of one of the functionally most complex eIFs, yeast multisubunit eIF3, we identified several interactions that placed its major body to the head, beak and shoulder regions of the solvent-exposed side of the 40S subunit. Among them is the interaction between the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the a/TIF32 subunit of eIF3 and the small ribosomal protein RPS0A, residing near the mRNA exit channel. Previously, we demonstrated that the N-terminal truncation of 200 residues in tif32-Δ8 significantly reduced association of eIF3 and other eIFs with 40S ribosomes in vivo and severely impaired translation reinitiation that eIF3 ensures. Here we show that not the first but the next 200 residues of a/TIF32 specifically interact with RPS0A via its extreme C-terminal tail (CTT). Detailed analysis of the RPS0A conditional depletion mutant revealed a marked drop in the polysome to monosome ratio suggesting that the initiation rates of cells grown under non-permissive conditions were significantly impaired. Indeed, amounts of eIF3 and other eIFs associated with 40S subunits in the pre-initiation complexes in the RPS0A-depleted cells were found reduced; consistently, to the similar extent as in the tif32-Δ8 cells. Similar but less pronounced effects were also observed with the viable CTT-less mutant of RPS0A. Together we conclude that the interaction between the flexible RPS0A-CTT and the residues 200-400 of the a/TIF32-NTD significantly stimulates attachment of eIF3 and its associated eIFs to small ribosomal subunits in vivo.

• MeSH
• eukaryotický iniciační faktor 3 metabolismus   MeSH
• genový knockout MeSH
• iniciace translace peptidového řetězce * MeSH
• interakční proteinové domény a motivy MeSH
• malé podjednotky ribozomu eukaryotické metabolismus   MeSH
• podjednotky proteinů metabolismus   MeSH
• ribozomální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolismus   MeSH
• techniky dvojhybridového systému MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH