ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Different plants are used for the treatment of various ailments and Acorus calamus L. is one such plant found in Western Himalaya. Rhizome of this plants has ethnomedicinal significance, as its rhizome is used for curing fever, pain and inflammation. An attempt has been made to alter the phytochemicals and increase its antioxidant property in a sustainable way with the help of mycorrhizal inoculation. AIM OF THE STUDY: Study of mycorrhizal (Funneliformis mosseae) impact on the biological activities and phytochemical profile of A. calamus L. rhizome and in silico studies of phytochemicals for their anti-inflammatory property. MATERIALS AND METHODS: F. mosseae was mass multiplied by single spore culture and then A. calamus rhizomes were inoculated with it. Antioxidant potential of rhizome extract was observed by DPPH and FRAP assays and the phytochemical profiling was done with GC-MS analysis. For observing antimicrobial activity disc diffusion method was employed. Dominant phytochemicals α-asarone and monolinolein TMS were chosen for molecular docking studies against four receptors (4COX, 2AZ5, 5I1B, 1ALU). RESULTS: There was increase in antioxidant activity of rhizome extract after mycorrhizal inoculation. However, no change in antimicrobial activity was observed in the plant after mycorrhizal inoculation. The comparison in phytochemicals was observed by GC-MS analysis which showed qualitative and quantitative variation in biochemical content in plants. The phytochemical, α-asarone and monolinolein TMS showed highest docking score and least binding energy against 1ALU and 4COX respectively for anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION: Medicinal plants are potential source of antioxidants which can be increased by mycorrhizal inoculation without addition of chemical fertilizers and also results in altering the phytochemical composition.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• antioxidancia izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• fytonutrienty izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• houby fyziologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• oddenek MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• puškvorec chemie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• simulace molekulového dockingu MeSH
• tradiční lékařství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) have the ability to enhance drought tolerance of citrus, but the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. Considering the strong association of cell membrane fatty acid (FA) unsaturation with plant drought tolerance, the present study hypothesized that AM fungi (AMF) modulated the composition and unsaturation of FAs to enhance drought tolerance of host plants. Drought-sensitive citrus rootstocks, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings, were inoculated with AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) for 3 months and were subsequently exposed to drought stress (DS) for 8 weeks. Mycorrhizal seedlings exhibited better plant growth performance, higher leaf water potential and lower root abscisic acid concentrations under both well-watered (WW) and DS conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculation considerably increased root methyl oleate (C18:1), methyl linoleate (C18:2) and methyl linolenate (C18:3N3) concentrations under both WW and DS conditions, and root methyl palmitoleate (C16:1) concentrations under WW, while it decreased root methyl stearate (C18:0) levels under both WW and DS. These changes in the composition of FAs of mycorrhized roots resulted in higher unsaturation index of root FAs, which later aided in reducing the oxidative damage on account of lower concentration of malondialdehyde and superoxide radicals. The changes of these FAs were a result of AMF-up-regulating root FA desaturase 2 (PtFAD2), FA desaturase 6 (PtFAD6) and Δ9 FA desaturase (PtΔ9) genes under WW and PtFAD2, PtFAD6 and Δ15 FA desaturase (PtΔ15) genes under DS conditions. Our results confirmed that mycorrhization brought significant changes in root FA compositions, in addition to regulation of gene expression responsible for increasing the unsaturation level of FAs, a predisposing physiological event for better drought tolerance of citrus.

• MeSH
• Citrus * MeSH
• Glomeromycota * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin MeSH
• mykorhiza * MeSH
• období sucha MeSH
• Poncirus * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Metal-polluted soils represent hostile environments affecting the composition and functions of soil microbial communities. This study evaluated the implication of combining the mycoremediated dry olive residue (MDOR) amendment application with the inoculation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae in restoring the quality, composition, and functionality of soil microbial communities. To achieve this aim, a mesocosms experiment was set up that included three variations: i) with and without application of Penicillium chrysogenum-10-transformed MDOR (MDOR_Pc), and Chondrosterum purpureum-transformed MDOR (MDOR_Cp) amendments; ii) with and without F. mosseae inoculation; and iii) 30-day and 60-day soil treatment time. As a result of this combined treatment, changes in the soil labile organic C and N fractions were observed throughout the experiment. Increases in the abundance of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) for bacteria, actinobacteria, and Gram- and Gram+ bacteria were also recorded at the end of the experiment. The addition of MDOR amendments boosted fungal and AM fungi communities. AM fungi root and soil colonization was also enhanced as the result of improvement nutrient turnover and spatial conditions caused by adding MDOR in combination with an inoculation of F. mosseae. The composition and functionality of microbial communities seemed to be an important ecological attribute indicating an apparently fully functional restoration of this metal-polluted soil and therefore suggesting the suitability of the combined MDOR and AM fungus treatment as a reclamation practice.

• MeSH
• houby MeSH
• kovy MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• mykorhiza * MeSH
• Olea * MeSH
• půda MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Root-hair growth and development regulated by soil microbes is associated with auxin. In this background, we hypothesized that mycorrhizal fungal inoculation induces greater root-hair growth through stimulated auxin synthesis and transport under water stress conditions. Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) was inoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Funneliformis mosseae) under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS) for 9 weeks. Compared with non-AM seedlings, AM seedlings displayed significantly higher density, length, and diameter of root hairs and root indoleacetic acid (IAA) level, whereas lower total root IAA efflux, regardless of soil moisture status. Root PtYUC3 and PtYUC8 involved in IAA biosynthesis were up-regulated by mycorrhization under WW and DS, whereas AM-modulated expression in PtTAA1, PtTAR2, PtYUC4, and PtYUC6 depended on status of soil moisture. Mycorrhizal inoculation down-regulated the transcript level of root auxin efflux carriers like PtPIN1 and PtPIN3, whereas significantly up-regulated the expression of root auxin-species influx carriers like PtABCB19 and PtLAX2 under DS. These results indicated that AMF-stimulated greater root-hair growth of trifoliate orange under DS that is independent on AMF species is related with mycorrhiza-modulated auxin synthesis and transport, which benefits the host plant to enhance drought tolerance.

• MeSH
• biologický transport MeSH
• fyziologický stres * MeSH
• Glomeromycota růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mykorhiza růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• období sucha * MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• Poncirus genetika   růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné geny MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The use of biotransformed dry olive residue (DOR) as organic soil amendment has recently been proposed due to its high contents of stabilized organic matter and nutrients. The potential of biotransformed DOR to immobilize risk elements in contaminated soils might qualify DOR as a potential risk element stabilization agent for in situ soil reclamation practices. In this experiment, the mobility of risk elements in response to Penicillium chrysogenum-10-transformed DOR, Funalia floccosa-transformed DOR, Bjerkandera adusta-transformed DOR, and Chondrostereum purpureum-transformed DOR as well as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Funneliformis mosseae, inoculation was investigated. We evaluated the effect of these treatments on risk element uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in a pot experiment with Cd, Pb, and Zn contaminated soil. The results showed a significant impact of the combined treatment (biotransformed DOR and AMF inoculation) on wheat plant growth and element mobility. The mobile proportions of elements in the treated soils were related to soil pH; with increasing pH levels, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, P, Pb, and Zn mobility decreased significantly (r values between -0.36 and -0.46), while Ca and Mg mobility increased (r = 0.63, and r = 0.51, respectively). The application of biotransformed DOR decreased risk element levels (Cd, Zn), and nutrient concentrations (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn) in the aboveground biomass, where the elements were retained in the roots. Thus, biotransformed DOR in combination with AMF resulted in a higher capacity of wheat plants to grow under detrimental conditions, being able to accumulate high amounts of risk elements in the roots. However, risk element reduction was insufficient for safe crop production in the extremely contaminated soil.

• MeSH
• kořeny rostlin MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• mykorhiza * MeSH
• Olea * MeSH
• půda MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be quantified by different approaches. We compared two approaches that enable discrimination of specific AMF taxa and are therefore emerging as alternative to most commonly performed microscopic quantification of AMF in roots: quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) using markers in nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (mtDNA). In a greenhouse experiment, Medicago truncatula was inoculated with four isolates belonging to different AMF species (Rhizophagus irregularis, Claroideoglomus claroideum, Gigaspora margarita and Funneliformis mosseae). The AMF were quantified in the root samples by qPCR targeted to both markers, microscopy and contents of AMF-specific phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA). Copy numbers of nrDNA and mtDNA were closely related within all isolates; however, the slopes and intercepts of the linear relationships significantly differed among the isolates. Across all isolates, a large proportion of variance in nrDNA copy numbers was explained by root colonization intensity or contents of AMF-specific PLFA, while variance in mtDNA copy numbers was mainly explained by differences among AMF isolates. We propose that the encountered inter-isolate differences in the ratios of mtDNA and nrDNA copy numbers reflect different physiological states of the isolates. Our results suggest that nrDNA is a more suitable marker region than mtDNA for the quantification of multiple AMF taxa as its copy numbers are better related to fungal biomass across taxa than are copy numbers of mtDNA.

• MeSH
• buněčné jádro genetika   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• Glomeromycota genetika   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce * MeSH
• Medicago truncatula mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• mykorhiza genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance drought tolerance in plants, whereas little is known regarding AMF contribution to sucrose and proline metabolisms under drought stress (DS). In this study, Funneliformis mosseae and Paraglomus occultum were inoculated into trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) under well watered and DS. Although the 71-days DS notably (P < 0.05) inhibited mycorrhizal colonization, AMF seedlings showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher plant growth performance and leaf relative water content, regardless of soil water status. AMF inoculation significantly (P < 0.05) increased leaf sucrose, glucose and fructose concentration under DS, accompanied with a significant increase of leaf sucrose phosphate synthase, neutral invertase, and net activity of sucrose-metabolized enzymes and a decrease in leaf acid invertase and sucrose synthase activity. AMF inoculation produced no change in leaf ornithine-δ-aminotransferase activity, but significantly (P < 0.05) increased leaf proline dehydrogenase activity and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased leaf both Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase activity, resulting in lower proline accumulation in AMF plants under DS. Our results therefore suggest that AMF strongly altered leaf sucrose and proline metabolism through regulating sucrose- and proline-metabolized enzyme activities, which is important for osmotic adjustment of the host plant.

• MeSH
• fyziologický stres * MeSH
• Glomeromycota fyziologie   MeSH
• listy rostlin enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus sacharidů MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• období sucha * MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• Poncirus růst a vývoj   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• prolin metabolismus   MeSH
• sacharosa metabolismus   MeSH
• semenáček metabolismus   MeSH
• voda metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The Non-invasive Micro-test Technique (NMT) is used to measure dynamic changes of specific ions/molecules non-invasively, but information about hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) fluxes in different classes of roots by mycorrhiza is scarce in terms of NMT. Effects of Funneliformis mosseae on plant growth, H2O2, superoxide radical (O2·-), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, and H2O2 fluxes in the taproot (TR) and lateral roots (LRs) of trifoliate orange seedlings under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS) conditions were studied. DS strongly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization in the TR and LRs, whereas mycorrhizal inoculation significantly promoted plant growth and biomass production. H2O2, O2·-, and MDA concentrations in leaves and roots were dramatically lower in mycorrhizal seedlings than in non-mycorrhizal seedlings under DS. Compared with non-mycorrhizal seedlings, mycorrhizal seedlings had relatively higher net root H2O2 effluxes in the TR and LRs especially under WW, as well as significantly higher total root H2O2 effluxes in the TR and LRs under WW and DS. Total root H2O2 effluxes were significantly positively correlated with root colonization but negatively with root H2O2 and MDA concentrations. It suggested that mycorrhizas induces more H2O2 effluxes of the TR and LRs, thus, alleviating oxidative damage of DS in the host plant.

• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• fyziologický stres * MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• malondialdehyd metabolismus   MeSH
• mykorhiza růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• období sucha * MeSH
• peroxid vodíku metabolismus   MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• Poncirus mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• superoxidy metabolismus   MeSH
• voda metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Root hairs and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) coexist in root systems for nutrient and water absorption, but the relation between AM and root hairs is poorly known. A pot study was performed to evaluate the effects of four different AM fungi (AMF), namely, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Diversispora versiformis, Funneliformis mosseae, and Rhizophagus intraradices on root hair development in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings grown in sand. Mycorrhizal seedlings showed significantly higher root hair density than non-mycorrhizal seedlings, irrespective of AMF species. AMF inoculation generally significantly decreased root hair length in the first- and second-order lateral roots but increased it in the third- and fourth-order lateral roots. AMF colonization induced diverse responses in root hair diameter of different order lateral roots. Considerably greater concentrations of phosphorus (P), nitric oxide (NO), glucose, sucrose, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were found in roots of AM seedlings than in non-AM seedlings. Levels of P, NO, carbohydrates, IAA, and MeJA in roots were correlated with AM formation and root hair development. These results suggest that AMF could alter the profile of root hairs in trifoliate orange through modulation of physiological activities. F. mosseae, which had the greatest positive effects, could represent an efficient AM fungus for increasing fruit yields or decreasing fertilizer inputs in citrus production.

• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• Citrus růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Glomeromycota fyziologie   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• Poncirus růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• půda MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• semenáček růst a vývoj   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• symbióza fyziologie   MeSH
• výhonky rostlin růst a vývoj   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH