Background: Despite significant reduction in Ethiopian under five mortalities over the last few decades, the prevalence remains alarmingly high. This study was conducted to examine the differential effect of nonmonetary wealth and parental education on U5M in Ethiopia. Methods: Data from three separate cycles of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS 2005, 2011 and 2016) were used. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and regression-based measures (the slope index of inequality and relative index of inequality) were used. Results: The findings portrayed a modest decline in U5M between the year 2005 and 2016. However, inequalities between population groups persist, favoring the higher socio-economic groups. Specifically, inequities in non-monetary wealth and parent’s education, especially that of mothers, showed observable impacts on the prevalence of U5M (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Given that most Ethiopian women are living in rural areas, have no education, and the majority are deprived of economic advantages, this study recommends aggressive intervention in promoting women’s status at the grassroots level through community education and behavioral communication strategies that will eventually help to significantly reduce the huge disparity in early mortality in the population.

Heavy maternal alcohol drinking during pregnancy has been associated with altered neurodevelopment in the child but the effects of low-dose alcohol drinking are less clear and any potential safe level of alcohol use during pregnancy is not known. We evaluated the effects of prenatal alcohol on reward-related behavior and substance use in young adulthood and the potential sex differences therein. Participants were members of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC) prenatal birth cohort who participated in its neuroimaging follow-up in young adulthood. A total of 191 participants (28-30 years; 51% men) had complete data on prenatal exposure to alcohol, current substance use, and fMRI data from young adulthood. Maternal alcohol drinking was assessed during mid-pregnancy and pre-conception. Brain response to reward anticipation and reward feedback was measured using the Monetary Incentive Delay task and substance use in young adulthood was assessed using a self-report questionnaire. We showed that even a moderate exposure to alcohol in mid-pregnancy but not pre-conception was associated with robust effects on brain response to reward feedback (six frontal, one parietal, one temporal, and one occipital cluster) and with greater cannabis use in both men and women 30 years later. Moreover, mid-pregnancy but not pre-conception exposure to alcohol was associated with greater cannabis use in young adulthood and these effects were independent of maternal education and maternal depression during pregnancy. Further, the extent of cannabis use in the late 20 s was predicted by the brain response to reward feedback in three out of the nine prenatal alcohol-related clusters and these effects were independent of current alcohol use. Sex differences in the brain response to reward outcome emerged only during the no loss vs. loss contrast. Young adult men exposed to alcohol prenatally had significantly larger brain response to no loss vs. loss in the putamen and occipital region than women exposed to prenatal alcohol. Therefore, we conclude that even moderate exposure to alcohol prenatally has long-lasting effects on brain function during reward processing and risk of cannabis use in young adulthood.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• mozek * diagnostické zobrazování   účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• odměna * MeSH
• pití alkoholu * psychologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The health impact attributable to climate change has been identified as one of the priority areas for impact assessment. The main goal of this paper is to estimate the monetary value of one key health effect, which is premature mortality. Specifically, our goal is to derive the value of a statistical life from people's willingness to pay for avoiding the risk of dying in one post-transition country in Europe, i.e., the Czech Republic. We carried out a series of conjoint choice experiments in order to value mortality risk reductions. We found the responses to the conjoint choice questions to be reasonable and consistent with the economic paradigm. The VSL is about EUR 2.4 million, and our estimate is comparable with the value of preventing a fatality as used in one of the integrated assessment models. To investigate whether carrying out the survey through the internet may violate the welfare estimate, we administered our questionnaire to two independent samples of respondents using two different modes of survey administration. The results show that the VSLs for the two groups of respondents are €2.25 and €2.55 million, and these figures are statistically indistinguishable. However, the key parameters of indirect utility between the two modes of survey administration are statistically different when specific subgroups of population, such as older respondents, are concerned. Based on this evidence, we conclude that properly designed and administered on-line surveys are a reliable method for administering questionnaires, even when the latter are cognitively challenging. However, attention should be paid to sampling and choice regarding the mode of survey administration if the preference of specific segments of the population is elicited.

• MeSH
• chování snižující riziko MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnota života ekonomika   MeSH
• internet MeSH
• klimatické změny ekonomika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• postoj MeSH
• předčasná smrt * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky normy   MeSH
• sběr dat metody   MeSH
• výběrové chování MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

We investigated the impact of five monetary subsidy regimes on economic values of traits in a cow-calf pasture production system with surplus calves fed for slaughter. The following regimes were analysed: (1) maximum prices for slaughter animals actually received in the Czech Republic during 2004, with no subsidies of any kind; (2) prices as in (1), with subsidies awarded per hectare of permanent grassland and per calf born; (3) prices as in (1), with subsidies awarded per hectare of agricultural land, per hectare of pasture and meadow, per beef cow in a forage system and per livestock unit; (4) prices as in (1), with subsidies awarded per hectare of agricultural land; (5) no subsidies, but prices received for slaughter animals that covered production costs and resulted in 1% profitability. The modelled farm showed negative profit under real price conditions with no subsidies (regime 1), which led to an underestimation of economic values for functional traits. The same results were obtained in regimes in which subsidies did not depend on the number of animals (3) or on meat production from the enterprise (4). Economic values of production traits (growth and carcass traits) did not vary among subsidy regimes. To determine optimum economic values for functional traits in beef cattle, we advocate using the method applied in subsidy regime 5, no subsidies but prices for slaughter animals that cover production cost and a small profit.

• MeSH
• chov zvířat ekonomika   MeSH
• chov MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• financování vládou ekonomika   MeSH
• maso MeSH
• skot MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
• farmaceutický průmysl ekonomika   pracovní síly   MeSH
• motivace MeSH
• objevování léků MeSH
• zdravotní politika MeSH
• Publikační typ
• zprávy MeSH

• Konspekt
• Farmacie. Farmakologie
• NLK Obory
• farmacie a farmakologie

• Klíčová slova
• ekonomika,

• NLK Obory
• ekonomie, ekonomika, ekonomika zdravotnictví
• sociologie

• MeSH
• ekonomika a organizace zdravotní péče MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče MeSH
• reforma zdravotní péče MeSH
• výdaje na zdravotnictví MeSH
• zdravotní politika MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• NLK Publikační typ
• studie