Neandertal
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OBJECTIVES: A marked asymmetry was previously reported in the sacral alae and S1-L5 facets orientation of the Neandertal individual Regourdou 1. Here, we provide a detailed description and quantification of the morphology and degree of asymmetry of this sacrum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Regourdou 1 was compared to a modern human sample composed of 24 females and 17 males, and to other Neandertal individuals. Both traditional and geometric morphometric analyses were used in order to quantify the degree of sacral asymmetry of Regourdou 1. RESULTS: The asymmetry of both sacral alae and facets orientation substantially exceeds directional and absolute asymmetry of the healthy modern sample. Regourdou 1 shows a considerably shorter right ala, which is absolutely and relatively outside of the modern and Neandertal variations. CONCLUSION: Regourdou 1 shows marked sacral asymmetry that probably originated in early ontogenetic development. An asymmetric sacrum reflects asymmetric load dissipation and could relate to other morphological abnormalities observed in the skeleton, especially the mild scoliosis of the spine and the asymmetry of the femoral diaphyses. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the relationship between those morphologies as well as a potential impact on the life of the individual.
- MeSH
- křížová kost abnormality MeSH
- neandertálci abnormality MeSH
- zkameněliny anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Francie MeSH
Sex is a biological trait fundamental to the study of hominin fossils. Among the many questions that can be addressed are those related to taxonomy, biological variability, sexual dimorphism, paleoobstetrics, funerary selection, and paleodemography. While new methodologies such as paleogenomics or paleoproteomics can be used to determine sex, they have not been systematically applied to Pleistocene human remains due to their destructive nature. Therefore, we estimated sex from the coxal bone of the newly discovered pelvic remains of the Regourdou 1 Neandertal (Southwest France, MIS 5) based on morphological and metric data employing two methods that have been recently revised and shown to be reliable in multiple studies. Both methods calculate posterior probabilities of the estimate. The right coxal bone of Regourdou 1 was partially reconstructed providing additional traits for sex estimation. These methods were cross validated on 14 sufficiently preserved coxal bones of specimens from the Neandertal lineage. Our results show that the Regourdou 1 individual, whose postcranial skeleton is not robust, is a male, and that previous sex attributions of comparative Neandertal specimens are largely in agreement with those obtained here. Our results encourage additional morphological research of fossil hominins in order to develop a set of methods that are applicable, reliable, and reproducible.
- MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- Hominidae * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neandertálci * anatomie a histologie MeSH
- paleontologie MeSH
- zkameněliny MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Francie MeSH
Neandertal permanent mandibular molars are well represented at Hortus Cave, France, Sub-Phase IVb and Vb, providing an opportunity to assess intrapopulation and intersite shape variation. We expected the mandibular molars from Hortus cave, comprising Hortus II, Hortus IV, Hortus V and Hortus VI to cluster together, compared to Neandertals close in proximity, such as Malarnaud and La Quina 5 as well as those more distantly located such as Arcysur- Cure 1, Engis 2 and Scladina 4A-1. A single Neolithic cave burial from Maurenne Caverne de la Cave, Belgium (n = 11) is used to contextualize the degree of variation in the Hortus assemblage. From photographic images of the permanent molars, crown shapes were digitized and binarized. The resulting images were processed in R using elliptical Fourier analysis and the resulting amplitudes of the harmonics were subjected to principal components analysis and hierarchical clustering. Hortus II and Hortus V, both from Sub-Phase Vb, are relatively similar to one another in M1 crown shape, and are secondarily grouped with Hortus IV from Sub-Phase IVb. Maurenne Caverne de la Cave has a larger degree of variation in crown shape than the Hortus assemblage, and the Neandertals imperfectly cluster together and apart from the Neolithic sample for some multivariate comparisons. Variance in Neandertal molar crown shape can be primarily explained as the result of chronology. Hortus consistently groups with other MIS 3 Neandertals such as La Quina 5 and Engis 2, while those from MIS 5, represented by Scladina 4A-1 and Malarnaud are distinct as is Arcy-sur-Cure 1 from late MIS 3. Across the molars, the Hortus assemblage is most similar to La Quina 5 from Charente, Southwest France.
The long-standing debate on the role of Neandertals in the emergence of modern humans in Eurasia has been partially resolved by the genetic indications of relatively small, but not insignificant, Neandertal contributions to modern Eurasian populations. The relatively small contributions of Neandertals to modern humans likely stems from demographic factors limiting Neandertal population sizes. One of the issues not addressed by the genetic data was the impact of early modern human immigrant populations on the late Neandertals inhabiting Eurasia between ~35,000 and 45,000 years ago. East Central Europe, the area of focus for most of Karel Valoch's work, provides evidence of late Neandertals from the sites of Vindija (Croatia) and Šipka and Kůlna (Czech Republic). Analysis of the fragmentary Vindija specimens demonstrates an anatomical pattern reflecting reduction in facial size and prognathism. This pattern is consistent in all individuals but is projected onto a total morphological pattern that remains Neandertal. The Kůlna 1 maxilla and Šipka mandible also demonstrate aspects of this mosaic. These specimens provide anatomical evidence that reflects some impact of early modern biology during, or perhaps even slightly before, the early phases of modern human migration into Europe. This evidence further supports the interpretation that population dynamics between Neandertals and early modern people were complex and likely variable in differing parts of the ranges in which these populations overlapped.
- MeSH
- akulturace * MeSH
- antropometrie MeSH
- čelisti anatomie a histologie MeSH
- genom lidský MeSH
- jeskyně MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neandertálci * MeSH
- populační dynamika MeSH
- tělesné pozůstatky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- historické články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
It has been proposed that Neandertals had about 30% higher gross cost of transport than anatomically modern humans (AMH) and that such difference implies higher daily energy demands and reduced foraging ranges in Neandertals. Thus, reduced walking economy could be among the factors contributing to the Neandertals' loss in competition with their anatomically modern successors. Previously, Neandertal walking cost had been estimated from just two parameters and based upon a pooled-sex sample. In the present study, we estimate sex-specific walking cost of Neandertals using a model accounting for body mass, lower limb length, lower limb proportions, and other features of lower limb configuration. Our results suggest that Neandertals needed more energy to walk a given distance than did AMH but the difference was less than half of that previously estimated in males and even far less pronounced in females. In contrast, comparison of the estimated walking cost adjusted to body mass indicates that Neandertals spent less energy per kilogram of body mass than AMH thanks to their lower limb configuration, males having 1-5% lower and females 1-3% lower mass-specific net cost of transport than AMH of the same sex. The primary cause of high cost of transport in Neandertal males is thus their great body mass, possibly a consequence of adaptation to cold, which was not fully offset by their cost-moderating lower limb configuration. The estimated differences in absolute energy spent for locomotion between Neandertal and AMH males would account for about 1% of previously estimated daily energy expenditure of Neandertal or AMH males.
- MeSH
- antropologie fyzická MeSH
- chůze fyziologie MeSH
- dolní končetina * anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kosti stehna a bérce anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- neandertálci anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zkameněliny * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Sudden change in conserved region of genome is the hallmark of evolutionary drift. Such changes occured in FOXP2, a gene involved in speech, and ASPM, which affects brain size. Another ancestrally conserved regions have been defined showing accelerated rate of substitution in the human lineage since divergence from our common ancestor with chimpanzee. HAR1, the most dramatically changed element, is a novel non-coding RNA gene that is expressed in a critical period of human neocortex development. HAR1 and the other human accelerated regions provide new candidates in the search for unique genetic determination of humanity. Tremendous advances in sequencing technology since the first draft of human genome in 2001, enabled the reconstruction of Neandertal and some other ancient genomes. We met Neandertals and probably some other relatives, like inhabitants of the Denisova cave, on the way out of Africa. They gave us some small portion of the genome and shortly after the encounter our cousins disappered for ever. The reason, why we left alone is not known, despite observed differences between humans and Neandertals in some genes that are important in cognition and skeletal development. Anyway, we are the only survivours and our future way should continue to the space.
- MeSH
- genetické inženýrství MeSH
- genom lidský MeSH
- geny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neandertálci * MeSH
- paleontologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
In this study we use comparative genomics to uncover a gene with uncharacterized function (1700011H14Rik/C14orf105/CCDC198), which we hereby name FAME (Factor Associated with Metabolism and Energy). We observe that FAME shows an unusually high evolutionary divergence in birds and mammals. Through the comparison of single nucleotide polymorphisms, we identify gene flow of FAME from Neandertals into modern humans. We conduct knockout experiments on animals and observe altered body weight and decreased energy expenditure in Fame knockout animals, corresponding to genome-wide association studies linking FAME with higher body mass index in humans. Gene expression and subcellular localization analyses reveal that FAME is a membrane-bound protein enriched in the kidneys. Although the gene knockout results in structurally normal kidneys, we detect higher albumin in urine and lowered ferritin in the blood. Through experimental validation, we confirm interactions between FAME and ferritin and show co-localization in vesicular and plasma membranes.
- MeSH
- antropologie * MeSH
- biologická evoluce * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neandertálci * genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- historické články MeSH
- MeSH
- antropologie metody MeSH
- genom lidský genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neandertálci genetika MeSH
- populační genetika MeSH
- starobylá DNA * analýza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- tok genů genetika MeSH
- vývoj člověka MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
