In this study, we propose a possible way of obtaining reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) free offspring from genetically valuable lines of Přeštice black-pied boars com- ming from PRRSV-positive pig breeding herds with the use of artificial insemination (AI). The ejaculates were collected from 4 different lines of boars. Samples of fresh semen were not detected with the virus and 12 sows were inseminated. Blood samples of sows and their offspring were repeatedly tested for the virus but the results were negative. We managed in this way to maintain the endangered population of this breed and obtain PRRSV-free offspring.

• MeSH
• chov MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• sperma virologie   MeSH
• umělá inseminace veterinární   MeSH
• vertikální přenos infekce prevence a kontrola   veterinární   MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

More than 20 years after the first outbreaks, the phylogenetic picture of PRRSV is still incomplete and full of gaps, especially in regards of PRRSV 1. Due to the exceptional diversity observed at the eastern borders of Europe and the low number of available sequences from Central Eastern European countries, the authors collected and analyzed both recent as well as already submitted sequences comparing them to a large backbone set of available ORF5 sequences representing the full spectrum of PRRSV 1 Subtype 1 diversity to conduct a systematic phylogenetic analysis and reclassification elucidating the diversity of the virus in these countries. Moreover, further analyses of the EUROSTAT data regarding the live pig movement trends revealed their influence of virus diversity and evolution. The results indicate that besides the effect of local, isolated divergent evolution and the use of modified live vaccines, the most important factor influencing a given country's virus diversity is the transboundary movement of live, infected animals.

• MeSH
• DNA virů chemie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• východní Evropa MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) emerged about 30 years ago and continues to cause major economic losses in the pork industry. The lack of effective modified live vaccines (MLV) allows the pandemic to continue. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We have previously shown that wild strains of PRRSV affect the nascent T cell repertoire in the thymus, deplete T cell clones recognizing viral epitopes essential for neutralization, while triggering a chronic, robust, but ineffective antibody response. Therefore, we hypothesized that the current MLV are inappropriate because they cause similar damage and fail to prevent viral-induced dysregulation of adaptive immunity. METHODS: We tested three MLV strains to demonstrate that all have a comparable negative effect on thymocytes in vitro. Further in vivo studies compared the development of T cells in the thymus, peripheral lymphocytes, and antibody production in young piglets. These three MLV strains were used in a mixture to determine whether at least some of them behave similarly to the wild virus type 1 or type 2. RESULTS: Both the wild and MLV strains cause the same immune dysregulations. These include depletion of T-cell precursors, alteration of the TCR repertoire, necrobiosis at corticomedullary junctions, low body weight gain, decreased thymic cellularity, lack of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and production of non-neutralizing anti-PRRSV antibodies of different isotypes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results may explain why the use of current MLV in young animals may be ineffective and why their use may be potentially dangerous. Therefore, alternative vaccines, such as subunit or mRNA vaccines or improved MLV, are needed to control the PRRSV pandemic.

• MeSH
• atenuované vakcíny MeSH
• imunitní systém MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes immune dysregulation during the Critical Window of Immunological Development. We hypothesize that thymocyte development is altered by infected thymic antigen presenting cells (TAPCs) in the fetal/neonatal thymus that interact with double-positive thymocytes causing an acute deficiency of T cells that produces "holes" in the T cell repertoire allowing for poor recognition of PRRSV and other neonatal pathogens. The deficiency may be the result of random elimination of PRRSV-specific T cells or the generation of T cells that accept PRRSV epitopes as self-antigens. Loss of helper T cells for virus neutralizing (VN) epitopes can result in the failure of selection for B cells in lymph node germinal centers capable of producing high affinity VN antibodies. Generation of cytotoxic and regulatory T cells may also be impaired. Similar to infections with LDV, LCMV, MCMV, HIV-1 and trypanosomes, the host responds to the deficiency of pathogen-specific T cells and perhaps regulatory T cells, by "last ditch" polyclonal B cell activation. In colostrum-deprived PRRSV-infected isolator piglets, this results in hypergammaglobulinemia, which we believe to be a "red herring" that detracts attention from the thymic atrophy story, but leads to our second independent hypothesis. Since hypergammaglobulinemia has not been reported in PRRSV-infected conventionally-reared piglets, we hypothesize that this is due to the down-regulatory effect of passive maternal IgG and cytokines in porcine colostrum, especially TGFβ which stimulates development of regulatory T cells (Tregs).

• MeSH
• hypergamaglobulinemie krev   etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• imunoglobulinové izotypy krev   imunologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu imunologie   MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   imunologie   MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat krev   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• thymocyty cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• thymus imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most significant and economically important infectious diseases affecting swine worldwide and can predispose pigs to secondary bacterial infections caused by, e.g. Haemophilus parasuis. The aim of the presented study was to compare susceptibility of two different types of macrophages which could be in contact with both pathogens during infection with PRRS virus (PRRSV) and in co-infection with H. parasuis. Alveolar macrophages (PAMs) as resident cells provide one of the first lines of defence against microbes invading lung tissue. On the other hand, monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) represent inflammatory cells accumulating at the site of inflammation. While PAMs were relatively resistant to cytopathogenic effect caused by PRRSV, MDMs were much more sensitive to PRRSV infection. MDMs infected with PRRSV increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bad, Bax and p53 mRNA. Increased mortality of MDMs may be also related to a higher intensity of ROS production after infection with PRRSV. In addition, MDMs (but not PAMs) infected with H. parasuis alone formed multinucleated giant cells (MGC); these cells were not observed in MDMs infected with both pathogens. Higher sensitivity of MDMs to PRRSV infection, which is associated with limited MDMs survival and restriction of MGC formation, could contribute to the development of multifactorial respiratory disease of swine.

• MeSH
• Haemophilus parasuis * MeSH
• hemofilové infekce komplikace   patologie   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• koinfekce metabolismus   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• makrofágy metabolismus   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• obrovské buňky metabolismus   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• pyrimidiny MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat metabolismus   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• sulfonamidy MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) predisposes pigs to secondary bacterial infection caused by Haemophilus parasuis. The aim of the present study was to analyse the immune response of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), serving as a model of macrophages accumulating at the site of inflammation. The second part of the study was focused on the role of IFNα in the production of inflammatory cytokines in co-infected MDMs. Concurrent infection with PRRSV and H. parasuis decreased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8) in MDMs in comparison with MDMs infected with PRRSV or H. parasuis alone. Our data showed that MDMs express IFNα after PRRSV infection. Thereafter, we exposed cells to the experimental addition of IFNα and a subsequent infection with H. parasuis, and detected a decreased expression/production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, we assume that IFNα, produced after PRRSV infection, could affect the immune response of monocyte-derived macrophages. Down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in inflammatory macrophages may allow the development of secondary bacterial infections in pigs.

• MeSH
• bronchoalveolární laváž MeSH
• cytokiny genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• Haemophilus parasuis imunologie   patogenita   MeSH
• hemofilové infekce mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• interferon alfa imunologie   farmakologie   MeSH
• makrofágy účinky léků   imunologie   mikrobiologie   virologie   MeSH
• nemoci prasat mikrobiologie   virologie   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat virologie   MeSH
• viabilita buněk MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat imunologie   patogenita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

All twenty-nine PRRSV ORF7 nucleotide sequences obtained from clinical samples originating from the three Central European countries Austria (n = 7), Czech Republic (n = 12), and Slovakia (n = 10) belonged to type 1, subtype I (EU-1). Twenty-seven sequences encoded the typical length of the nucleocapsid protein composed of 128 amino acids. Two genetically identical ORF7s of PRRSV originating from a single farm in Slovakia showed a new length polymorphism of the nucleocapsid protein comprising 132 amino acids.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny virologie   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nukleokapsida - proteiny genetika   MeSH
• otevřené čtecí rámce MeSH
• plíce virologie   MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický * MeSH
• prasata virologie   MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat virologie   MeSH
• RNA virová krev   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat klasifikace   genetika   patogenita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Rakousko MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can predispose pigs to secondary respiratory infection with bacteria such as Haemophilus parasuis. Animals infected with both pathogens develop more severe clinical disease. The immune response of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) to simultaneous infection with PRRSV and H. parasuis was analysed in vitro, describing cytokine production, expression of cell surface molecules, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Concurrent infection with PRRSV and H. parasuis increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8) in PAMs in comparison with PAMs infected with PRRSV or H. parasuis alone. An additive effect of dual infection on IL-1β production was confirmed at the protein level. PAMs infected with PRRSV showed increased production of ROS compared to controls. Conversely, simultaneous infection of PAMs with PRRSV and H. parasuis decreased production of ROS, indicating the presence of an H. parasuis defence mechanism against respiratory burst. Concurrent infection of PAMs with PRRSV and H. parasuis was shown to elicit a pro-inflammatory immune response represented by significant IL-1β production. Severe multifactorial respiratory disease in natural conditions caused by both pathogens could be the consequence of pro-inflammatory mediated immunopathology.

• MeSH
• alveolární makrofágy imunologie   mikrobiologie   virologie   MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• cytokiny genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• Haemophilus parasuis imunologie   MeSH
• hemofilové infekce komplikace   imunologie   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• koinfekce veterinární   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• messenger RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• nemoci prasat imunologie   mikrobiologie   virologie   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• regulace exprese virových genů MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u bakterií MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat imunologie   virologie   MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• genom virový MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat izolace a purifikace   MeSH