Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) are environmental contaminants known for their persistence and bioaccumulation in fatty tissues. SCCPs are considered potential carcinogens and endocrine disruptors, with similar effects expected for MCCPs. This study investigated the body burden of SCCPs and MCCPs in residents of two regions of the Czech Republic with different levels of industrial pollution. Blood serum samples from 62 individuals in Ceske Budejovice (control area) and Ostrava (industrial area) were analysed. The results showed higher concentrations of SCCPs (<120-650 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and MCCPs (<240-1530 ng/g lw) in Ostrava compared to Ceske Budejovice (SCCPs: <120-210 ng/g lw, MCCPs: <240-340 ng/g lw). The statistical analysis revealed no significant correlations between chemical concentrations and demographic variables such as age, BMI, or gender. The findings are consistent with European and Australian studies but significantly lower than levels reported in China. This is the first comprehensive survey of SCCPs and MCCPs in human blood serum in the Czech Republic and the second study in Europe. The data collected in this study are essential for assessing SCCPs and MCCPs. They will contribute to a better understanding the potential health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are environmental pollutants extensively used in industries. While the use of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) has been restricted since 2017, the use of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) has risen as their replacement. Due to lipophilic character, it can be expected that CPs enter the cells; however, the in vitro accumulation potential of CPs remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the ability of SCCPs and MCCPs to accumulate in fat cells. We utilized an in vitro model of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes. Using gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry operated in negative chemical ionization mode, we determined the intracellular amounts of CPs. These compounds accumulated at rates of 8.5 ± 0.1 μg/gcells/h for SCCPs and 7.8 ± 0.3 μg/gcells/h for MCCPs when an initial concentration of 120 ng/ml was present in the medium. This rate increased approximately tenfold when the concentration of CPs was raised to 1200 ng/ml. CPs content in adipocytes steadily increased over 5 days, whereas preadipocytes accumulated 15-20 times less CPs. This highlights the importance of cellular lipid content, which was about 12 times higher in adipocytes. Furthermore, we found that the level of chlorine content in the CPs molecules significantly influenced their accumulation. Our results demonstrate that MCCPs exhibit a similar accumulation potential to SCCPs, with lipid content playing a crucial role. As with SCCPs, restrictions on the use of MCCPs in industry should be considered to mitigate their environmental and health impacts.

• MeSH
• buňky 3T3-L1 * MeSH
• chlorované uhlovodíky * metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• halogenace * MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí toxicita   metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• parafín * MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• tukové buňky * metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including PCDD/Fs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are among the most important and hazardous pollutants of soil. Food producing animals such as chicken, beef, sheep and goats can take up soil while grazing or living outdoors (free-range) and this can result in contamination. In recent decades, large quantities of brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and per- and polyfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) have been produced and released into the environment and this has resulted in widespread contamination of soils and other environmental matrices. These POPs also bioaccumulate and can contaminate food of animal origin resulting in indirect exposure of humans. Recent assessments of chicken and beef have shown that surprisingly low concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in soil can result in exceedances of regulatory limits in food. Soil contamination limits have been established in a number of countries for PCDD/Fs but it has been shown that the contamination levels which result in regulatory limits in food (the maximum levels in the European Union) being exceeded, are below all the existing soil regulatory limits. 'Safe' soil levels are exceeded in many areas around emission sources of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. On the other hand, PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB levels in soil in rural areas, without a contamination source, are normally safe for food producing animals housed outdoors resulting in healthy food (e.g. meat, eggs, milk). For the majority of POPs (e.g. PBDEs, PFOS, PFOA, SCCP) no regulatory limits in soils exist. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop appropriate and protective soil standards minimising human exposure from food producing animals housed outdoors. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to eliminate POPs pollution sources for soils and to control, secure and remediate contaminated sites and reservoirs, in order to reduce exposure and guarantee food safety.

• MeSH
• bezpečnost potravin * MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• maso analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí zákonodárství a právo   metody   MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly analýza   MeSH
• polychlorované dibenzodioxiny analýza   MeSH
• polychlorované dibenzofurany analýza   MeSH
• půda chemie   normy   MeSH
• vejce analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland (pSCCP) has long been recognized as a separate entity and is included in the WHO classifications of salivary gland tumors. However, it is widely accepted among head and neck pathologists that pSCCP is exceptionally rare. Yet, there are many publications describing series of pSCCP and data from SEER and other cancer register databases indicate erroneously an increasing incidence of pSCCP. Importantly, pSCCP and metastatic (secondary) squamous cell carcinoma to the parotid gland (mSCCP) have nearly identical histological features, and the diagnosis of pSCCP should only be made after the exclusion of mSCCP. Moreover, all of the histological diagnostic criteria proposed to be in favor of pSCCP (such as, for example, dysplasia of ductal epithelium) can be encountered in unequivocal mSCCP, thereby representing secondary growth along preexistent ducts. Squamous cell differentiation has also been reported in rare genetically defined primary parotid carcinomas, either as unequivocal histological squamous features (e.g., NUT carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma), by immunohistochemistry (e.g., in NUT carcinoma, adamantinoma-like Ewing sarcoma, basal-type salivary duct carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma), or a combination of both. Another major issue in this context is that the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding system does not distinguish between primary or metastatic disease, resulting in a large number of patients with mSCCP being misclassified as pSCCP. Immunohistochemistry and new molecular biomarkers have significantly improved the accuracy of the diagnosis of many salivary gland neoplasms, but until recently there were no biomarkers that can accurately distinguish between mSCCP and pSCCP. However, recent genomic profiling studies have unequivocally demonstrated that almost all SCCP analyzed to date have an ultraviolet light (UV)-induced mutational signature typical of mSCCP of skin origin. Thus, mutational signature analysis can be a very useful tool in determining the cutaneous origin of these tumors. Additional molecular studies may shed new light on this old diagnostic and clinical problem. This review presents a critical view of head and neck experts on this topic.

• MeSH
• dlaždicobuněčné karcinomy hlavy a krku patologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery analýza   MeSH
• nádory kůže * patologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• nádory příušní žlázy * patologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom * patologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH