Selaginella
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BACKGROUND: Multifunctional two-photon laser scanning microscopy provides attractive advantages over conventional two-photon laser scanning microscopy. For the first time, simultaneous measurement of the second harmonic generation (SHG) signals in the forward and backward directions and two photon excitation fluorescence were achieved from the deep shade plant Selaginella erythropus. RESULTS: These measurements show that the S. erythropus leaves produce high SHG signals in both directions and the SHG signals strongly depend on the laser's status of polarization and the orientation of the dipole moment in the molecules that interact with the laser light. The novelty of this work is (1) uncovering the unusual structure of S. erythropus leaves, including diverse chloroplasts, various cell types and micromophology, which are consistent with observations from general electron microscopy; and (2) using the multifunctional two-photon laser scanning microscopy by combining three platforms of laser scanning microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, harmonic generation microscopy and polarizing microscopy for detecting the SHG signals in the forward and backward directions, as well as two photon excitation fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS: With the multifunctional two-photon laser scanning microscopy, one can use noninvasive SHG imaging to reveal the true architecture of the sample, without photodamage or photobleaching, by utilizing the fact that the SHG is known to leave no energy deposition on the interacting matter because of the SHG virtual energy conservation characteristic.
- MeSH
- chloroplasty chemie ultrastruktura MeSH
- konfokální mikroskopie metody MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie ultrastruktura MeSH
- mikroskopie fluorescenční multifotonová metody MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu metody MeSH
- Selaginellaceae chemie ultrastruktura MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Selaginella P. Beauv. is a group of vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae Willk., found worldwide and numbering more than 700 species, with some used as foods and medicines. The aim of this paper was to compare methanolic (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of eight Selaginella species on the basis of their composition and biological activities. Six of these Selaginella species are underinvestigated. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) analysis, we identified a total of 193 compounds among the tested Selaginella species, with flavonoids predominating. MeOH extracts recovered more constituents that were detected, including selaginellins, the occurrence of which is only typical for this plant genus. Of all the tested species, Selaginellaapoda contained the highest number of identified selaginellins. The majority of the compounds were identified in S. apoda, the fewest compounds in Selaginellacupressina. All the tested species demonstrated antioxidant activity using oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) assay, which showed that MeOH extracts had higher antioxidant capacity, with the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) ranging from 12 ± 1 (Selaginellamyosuroides) to 124 ± 2 (Selaginellacupressina) mg/L. The antioxidant capacity was presumed to be correlated with the content of flavonoids, (neo)lignans, and selaginellins. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was mostly discerned in DCM extracts and was only exhibited in S. myosuroides, S. cupressina, Selaginellabiformis, and S. apoda extracts with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the range of 19 ± 3 to 62 ± 1 mg/L. Substantial cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines was demonstrated by the MeOH extract of S. apoda, where the ratio of the IC50 HEK (human embryonic kidney) to IC50 HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) was 7.9 ± 0.2. MeOH extracts inhibited the production of nitrate oxide and cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, S. biformis halved the production of NO, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 at the following concentrations: 105 ± 9, 11 ± 1, and 10 ± 1 mg/L, respectively. Our data confirmed that extracts from Selaginella species exhibited cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines and AChE inhibition. The activity observed in S. apoda was the most promising and is worth further exploration.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This review summarizes our work in the field of syn-thesis of natural products and their derivatives. Applica-tion of modern synthetic method is discussed in the con-text of the syntheses of both enantiomers of hydromor-phone, (–)-tetrodotoxin (a marine toxin), and selaginpul-vilins C and D (natural fluorene derivatives). Further, syn-thesis of notoincisol A, selagibenzophenones A and B is described to clarify the structural aspects of the com-pounds. Last but not least, synthesis and pharmaceutical profilation of derivatives of magnolol and honokiol is dis-cussed as well.Fulltext of this article is available on the website of this Journal.
- MeSH
- alkyny chemická syntéza chemie MeSH
- biologické přípravky MeSH
- hydromorfon chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lignany chemická syntéza chemie MeSH
- polyacetyleny chemická syntéza chemie MeSH
- polycyklické sloučeniny chemická syntéza chemie MeSH
- Selaginellaceae chemie MeSH
- techniky syntetické chemie * metody MeSH
- tetrodotoxin chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- vyvíjení léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Auxin steers numerous physiological processes in plants, making the tight control of its endogenous levels and spatiotemporal distribution a necessity. This regulation is achieved by different mechanisms, including auxin biosynthesis, metabolic conversions, degradation, and transport. Here, we introduce cis-cinnamic acid (c-CA) as a novel and unique addition to a small group of endogenous molecules affecting in planta auxin concentrations. c-CA is the photo-isomerization product of the phenylpropanoid pathway intermediate trans-CA (t-CA). When grown on c-CA-containing medium, an evolutionary diverse set of plant species were shown to exhibit phenotypes characteristic for high auxin levels, including inhibition of primary root growth, induction of root hairs, and promotion of adventitious and lateral rooting. By molecular docking and receptor binding assays, we showed that c-CA itself is neither an auxin nor an anti-auxin, and auxin profiling data revealed that c-CA does not significantly interfere with auxin biosynthesis. Single cell-based auxin accumulation assays showed that c-CA, and not t-CA, is a potent inhibitor of auxin efflux. Auxin signaling reporters detected changes in spatiotemporal distribution of the auxin response along the root of c-CA-treated plants, and long-distance auxin transport assays showed no inhibition of rootward auxin transport. Overall, these results suggest that the phenotypes of c-CA-treated plants are the consequence of a local change in auxin accumulation, induced by the inhibition of auxin efflux. This work reveals a novel mechanism how plants may regulate auxin levels and adds a novel, naturally occurring molecule to the chemical toolbox for the studies of auxin homeostasis.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- cinnamáty chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- cyklin B genetika metabolismus MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
- isomerie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus MeSH
- mechy účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny Qa-SNARE genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- Selaginellaceae účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Huperzine A, a mixture of compounds suitable for pharmaceutical purposes, has been used as an active substance in traditional Chinese medicine. The compounds mainly rank among lycopodin alkaloids from the plant Huperzia serrata and other plants from the families Huperziaceae and Lycopodiaceae and the Selaginella genus. In these families huperzine A prevails. The compounds are suitable for treatment of the Alzheimer disease (AD) by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and antagonizing NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Currently clinical tests of huperzine A in the AD treatment are performed. The aim of the present review is to summarize basic facts about huperzine A compounds and discuss their suitability for the therapy.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- amyloidní plaky MeSH
- aplikace orální MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory * MeSH
- Haplorrhini MeSH
- Huperzia * MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze I jako téma MeSH
- léky rostlinné čínské * aplikace a dávkování farmakologie izolace a purifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurodegenerativní nemoci epidemiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- preklinické hodnocení léčiv * metody MeSH
- receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
... horské květeny 32 -- Naše pohorí 34 -- 1 Vranec jed lový Huperzia selago 52 -- 2 Vraneček brvitý — Selaginella ...
431 s. : il.
