Archigregarines are a key group for understanding the early evolution of Apicomplexa. Here we report morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular phylogenetic evidence from two archigregarine species: Selenidium pygospionis sp. n. and S. pherusae sp. n. They exhibited typical features of archigregarines. Additionally, an axial row of vacuoles of a presumably nutrient distribution system was revealed in S. pygospionis. Intracellular stages of S. pygospionis found in the host intestinal epithelium may point to the initial intracellular localization in the course of parasite development. Available archigregarine SSU (18S) rDNA sequences formed four major lineages fitting the taxonomical affiliations of their hosts, but not the morphological or biological features used for the taxonomical revision by Levine (1971). Consequently, the genus Selenidioides Levine, 1971 should be abolished. The branching order of these lineages was unresolved; topology tests rejected neither para- nor monophyly of archigregarines. We provided phylogenies based on LSU (28S) rDNA and near-complete ribosomal operon (concatenated SSU, 5.8S, LSU rDNAs) sequences including S. pygospionis sequences. Although being preliminary, they nevertheless revealed the monophyly of gregarines previously challenged by many molecular phylogenetic studies. Despite their molecular-phylogenetic heterogeneity, archigregarines exhibit an extremely conservative plesiomorphic structure; their ultrastructural key features appear to be symplesiomorphies rather than synapomorphies.

• MeSH
• Apicomplexa klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• lokomoce MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• Polychaeta parazitologie   MeSH
• protozoální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 28S genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 5.8S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• vodní organismy klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fyziologie MeSH
• lokomoce MeSH
• postura těla MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie
• NLK Obory
• fyziologie
• antropologie
• biologie

Monografie se zabývá vývojovými aspekty pohybu současného člověka v okolním prostředí. Odkazuje k základům pohybu suchozemských obratlovců, kteří před 360 miliony lety kolonizovali souš planety. Kniha je postavena na řadě kvalifikačních objektivizačních studií a obsahuje dosažitelnou relevantní odbornou literaturou z oborů kineziologie, fyzioterapie, paleontologické antropologie, biologie, neurologie a sportu. Úmyslně není zmíněn aspekt psychologický, který by rozměr díla neúměrně rozšířil.Principy fylogeneze lokomoce obratlovců ovlivňují náš každodenní život. Předkládaná publikace by měla sloužit k iniciaci odborné diskuse v této oblasti a jako zdroj poznatků pro studenty věd o sportu, fyzioterapie a antropologie. Kniha se snaží osvětlit některé obecně platné principy lidské lokomoce a může se tak stát zdrojem inspirace pro cvičitele, trenéry, sportovce, ale i pro další zájemce z řad laické veřejnosti.; Monografie se zabývá vývojovými aspekty pohybu současného člověka v okolním prostředí. Odkazuje k základům pohybu suchozemských obratlovců, kteří před 360 miliony lety kolonizovali souš planety. Kniha je postavena na řadě kvalifikačních objektivizačních studií a obsahuje dosažitelnou relevantní odbornou literaturou z oborů kineziologie, fyzioterapie, paleontologické antropologie, biologie, neurologie a sportu. Úmyslně není zmíněn aspekt psychologický, který by rozměr díla neúměrně rozšířil. Principy fylogeneze lokomoce obratlovců ovlivňují náš každodenní život. Předkládaná publikace by měla sloužit k iniciaci odborné diskuse v této oblasti a jako zdroj poznatků pro studenty věd o sportu, fyzioterapie a antropologie. Kniha se snaží osvětlit některé obecně platné principy lidské lokomoce ad.

• Klíčová slova
• Přírodní vědy,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fyziologie MeSH
• lokomoce MeSH
• postura těla MeSH

• NLK Obory
• fyziologie
• antropologie
• biologie

Urosporids (Apicomplexa: Urosporidae) are eugregarines that parasitise marine invertebrates, such as annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and echinoderms, inhabiting their coelom and intestine. Urosporids exhibit considerable morphological plasticity, which correlates with their different modes of motility and variations in structure of their cortical zone, according to the localisation within the host. The gregarines Urospora ovalis and U. travisiae from the marine polychaete Travisia forbesii were investigated with an emphasis on their general morphology and phylogenetic position. Solitary ovoid trophozoites and syzygies of U. ovalis were located free in the host coelom and showed metabolic activity, a non-progressive movement with periodic changes of the cell shape. Solitary trophozoites of U. travisiae, attached to the host tissue or free floating in the coelom, were V-shaped. Detached trophozoites demonstrated gliding motility, a progressive movement without observable cell body changes. In both gregarines, the cortex formed numerous epicytic folds, but superfolds appeared exclusively on the surface of U. ovalis during metabolic activity. SSU rDNA sequences obtained from U. ovalis and U. travisiae revealed that they belong to the Lecudinoidea clade; however, they are not affiliated with other coelomic urosporids (Pterospora spp. and Lithocystis spp.), but surprisingly with intestinal lecudinids (Difficilina spp.) parasitising nemerteans.

• MeSH
• Apicomplexa klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lokomoce MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• Polychaeta parazitologie   MeSH
• protozoální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The growing availability of virtual cranial endocasts of extinct and extant vertebrates has fueled the quest for endocranial characters that discriminate between phylogenetic groups and resolve their neural significances. We used geometric morphometrics to compare a phylogenetically and ecologically comprehensive data set of archosaurian endocasts along the deep evolutionary history of modern birds and found that this lineage experienced progressive elevation of encephalisation through several chapters of increased endocranial doming that we demonstrate to result from progenetic developments. Elevated encephalisation associated with progressive size reduction within Maniraptoriformes was secondarily exapted for flight by stem avialans. Within Mesozoic Avialae, endocranial doming increased in at least some Ornithurae, yet remained relatively modest in early Neornithes. During the Paleogene, volant non-neoavian birds retained ancestral levels of endocast doming where a broad neoavian niche diversification experienced heterochronic brain shape radiation, as did non-volant Palaeognathae. We infer comparable developments underlying the establishment of pterosaurian brain shapes.

• MeSH
• aligátoři a krokodýli anatomie a histologie   genetika   MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lebka anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• let zvířat MeSH
• mozek anatomie a histologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• ptáci anatomie a histologie   genetika   MeSH
• zkameněliny anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are of considerable interest because of their importance in the manufacture of various bioinspired materials. In order to find out the status of magnetotactic bacteria at three different sediment in Czech Republic, samples collected from both standing and running freshwaters were subjected to molecular diversity analysis by using 16S rRNA gene approach. Total community DNA from sediment sample was isolated and used for PCR, cloning and sequence analysis. Of the 24 analyzed sequences, six clones are closely related to Magnetobacterium sp. affiliated with the Nitrospira phylum which showed the dominance of Magnetobacterium phylotypes in the sample. This study will provide useful insight about the community structure of MTB in this particular geographical region. However more detailed and specific studies are warranted in order to properly assess the community structure of MTB's in fresh water sediments.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA bakterií chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fyziologie bakterií MeSH
• geologické sedimenty mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lokomoce MeSH
• magnetismus MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• sladká voda mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Sport research at the Charles University, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Prague has been developing its kinesiology aspect recently. The article describes and summarizes results of some already published research projects discussing mainly kinesiology analysis of sport movement. They are completed by concise phylogenetic and ontogenetic background. The ideas of the inclusion of shoulder girdle into human locomotion were brought out. This situation was stopped at the border of the first year of human postural movement ontogenesis. This follow-up locomotion inclusion shows evidence of positive influence on the human motor system, observed for example on the possibility to influence the situation in the lumbar spine area; that is in the place of locus minoris resistentiae of a civilized human. We also describe the state of the analysis of human locomotion through shoulder girdle. We have tried to characterize the basic typical human motor stereotype of locomotion through shoulder girdle, corresponding systematically with the basic motor stereotype of pelvis girdle – with free bipedal walking. As the basic motor stereotype was found the children crawling, sometimes formulated as so called seal movement, which is possible to observe on the transfer between the second and third trimester in the first year of human postural motor development towards the free bipedal walking.

• MeSH
• audiovizuální záznam metody   využití   MeSH
• bruslení fyziologie   MeSH
• chůze fyziologie   MeSH
• elektromyografie metody   využití   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• kineziologie aplikovaná metody   využití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokomoce fyziologie   MeSH
• pohyb s pomůckou MeSH
• ramenní kloub fyziologie   MeSH
• sporty fyziologie   MeSH
• techniky cvičení a pohybu metody   využití   MeSH
• vývojová biologie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Frog locomotion has attracted wide scientific interest because of the unusual and derived morphology of the frog pelvic girdle and hind limb. Previous authors have suggested that the design of the frog locomotor system evolved towards a specialized jumping morphology early in the radiation of the group. However, data on locomotion in frogs are biased towards a few groups and most of the ecological and functional diversity remains unexplored. Here, we examine the kinematics of swimming in eight species of frog with different ecologies. We use cineradiography to quantify movements of skeletal elements from the entire appendicular skeleton. Our results show that species with different ecologies do differ in the kinematics of swimming, with the speed of limb extension and especially the kinematics of the midfoot being different. Our results moreover suggest that this is not a phylogenetic effect because species from different clades with similar ecologies converge on the same swimming kinematics. We conclude that it is important to analyze frog locomotion in a broader ecological and evolutionary context if one is to understand the evolutionary origins of this behavior.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• končetiny anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• kostra MeSH
• plavání * MeSH
• žáby anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• antropologie fyzická MeSH
• chůze (způsob) MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fyziologické jevy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• antropologie fyzická metody   MeSH
• antropometrie metody   MeSH
• archeologie metody   MeSH
• chůze (způsob) fyziologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Hominidae MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokomoce MeSH
• paleontologie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH