Nedílnou součástí konzultace před cestou do zahraničí bývá otázka očkování. V dětském věku je význam vakcinace před výjezdem větší než u dospělých, protože děti jsou na cestách ve zvýšené míře ohroženy komplikacemi infekčními i neinfekčními. Volba doporučovaných očkování závisí především na rizicích v dané destinaci, na věku dítěte a jeho zdravotním stavu. Je nutné ověřit dosud proběhlá povinná očkování a doplnit chybějící základní vakcinaci. Dalším krokem je doporučení vhodných "nepovinných" očkování, která jsou běžně do českého očkovacího kalendáře zařazována, například vakcinaci proti pneumokokovým a rotavirovým infekcím či varicele. Podle konkrétních rizik v dané destinaci jsou indikována i "cestovatelská" očkování; nejčastěji se aplikují vakcíny proti hepatitidě A, vzteklině, meningokokovým infekcím a další. Vždy je třeba zohlednit věk dítěte, protože některé vakcíny jsou u nejmladších dětí kontraindikované (žlutá zimnice), nebo jsou neúčinné (polysacharidová vakcína proti břišnímu tyfu). Tam, kde nelze dítě chránit aktivní imunizací, například právě z důvodu nízkého věku, je v některých situacích spojených s vysokým rizikem nákazy (spalničky, hepatitida A) možné podat pasivní imunoprofylaxi.
Vaccination is an integral part of the consultation before travelling abroad. In childhood, the importance of predeparture vaccination is greater than that of adults, as children are increasingly at risk of infectious and non-infectious complications when they are traveling. The choice of the recommended vaccination depends mainly on the risks in the destination, on the child's age and health. It is necessary to verify mandatory vaccination and to complete the missing basic vaccination. The next step is to recommend appropriate "optional” vaccinations that are commonly included in the Czech vaccination calendar, such as vaccination against pneumococcal and rotavirus infections or varicella. Depending on the specific risks at the destination, "travel” vaccinations are also indicated; the most commonly used vaccines are hepatitis A, rabies, meningococcal infections and others. The age of the child should always be taken into account as some vaccines are contraindicated for young children (yellow fever) or ineffective (typhoid polysaccharide vaccine). Where a child cannot be protected by active immunization, for example because of their early age, passive immunoprophylaxis may be given in some situations associated with a high risk of infection (measles, hepatitis A).
- MeSH
- bakteriální vakcíny MeSH
- cestování * MeSH
- cestovní nemoci MeSH
- cholerové vakcíny terapeutické užití MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- meningokokové vakcíny terapeutické užití MeSH
- očkovací schéma MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- vakcína proti hepatitidě A terapeutické užití MeSH
- vakcína proti japonské encefalitidě terapeutické užití MeSH
- vakcína proti spalničkám, příušnicím a zarděnkám MeSH
- vakcína proti vzteklině terapeutické užití MeSH
- vakcína proti žluté zimnici terapeutické užití MeSH
- vakcinace * MeSH
- vakcíny proti tyfu a paratyfu terapeutické užití MeSH
- virové vakcíny MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
Břišní tyfus je onemocnění lidí způsobené bakterií Salmonella typhi. Onemocnění je rozšířeno v zemích s teplým klimatem a nízkým hygienickým standardem. K nákaze dochází fekálně-orální cestou. Od roku 2010 je popisován zvýšený výskyt multirezistentních kmenů S. typhi. Znalost cirkulujících kmenů je stěžejní pro správnou volbu antibiotické terapie. Neefektivní terapie může vést k opětovnému nárůstu chronických případů nosičství. Očkování je specifickou formou prevence a v současnosti je doporučeno v endemických oblastech, cestovatelům, zdravotnickým pracovníkům a vojákům. Důsledná prevence může snížit množství podávaných antibiotik a tím omezit vznik nových rezistentních kmenů. V České republice je nyní dostupná pouze polysacharidová vakcína Typhim Vi. Ve světě jsou kromě polysacharidových vakcín dostupné také živé atenuované vakcíny Typhoral L a Vivotif, kombinované polysacharidové vakcíny Hepatyrix a Vivaxim, nově získaly licenci dvě konjugované vakcíny Typbar-TCV a PedaTyph.
Typhoid fever (TF) is an infection in humans, caused by the highly virulent bacteria Salmonella typhi, transmitted via the faecal-oral route. TF remains endemic in countries with a warm climate and low hygiene standards. Since 2010, there have been increasing reports of multidrug-resistant strains. Knowledge of the resistance patterns of circulating strains is necessary for the selection of appropriate antibiotics. Ineffective therapy could lead to an increase in chronic carriers. Vaccination is recommended in endemic countries, for travellers, healthcare workers and soldiers. Together with non-specific prevention it may decrease the use of antibiotics and limit the emergence of resistant strains. In the Czech Republic, there is currently available only the polysaccharide vaccine Typhim Vi. There are live attenuated vaccines Typhoral L and Vivotif, combined polysaccharide vaccines Hepatyrix and Vivaxim licenced worldwide, along with newly licenced two conjugate vaccines Typbar-TCV a PedaTyph.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- břišní tyfus * diagnóza prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Salmonella typhi patogenita MeSH
- vakcinace MeSH
- vakcíny proti tyfu a paratyfu * aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Lymphocytes represent the key antigen-specific leukocyte subpopulation. Despite their importance in mounting an immune response, an unbiased description of proteins expressed by chicken lymphocytes has not been presented. In this study, we therefore intravenously infected chickens with Salmonella Enteritidis, sorted CD4, CD8 and γδ T-lymphocytes from the spleen by flow cytometry and determined the proteome of each population by LC-MS/MS. CD4 T-lymphocyte characteristic proteins included ubiquitin SUMO-like domain and BAR domain containing proteins. CD8 T-lymphocyte specific proteins were characterized by purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding and were involved in cell differentiation, cell activation and regulation of programmed cell death. γδ T-lymphocyte specific proteins exhibited enrichment of small GTPase of Rab type and GTP binding. Following infection, inducible proteins in CD4 lymphocytes included ribosomal proteins and downregulated proteins localized to the lysosome. CD8 T-lymphocytes induced MCM complex proteins, proteins required for DNA replication and machinery for protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins inducible in γδ T-lymphocytes belonged to immune system response, oxidative phosphorylation and the spliceosome. In this study, we predicted the likely events in lymphocyte response to systemic bacterial infection and identified proteins which can be used as markers specific for each lymphocyte subpopulation.
- MeSH
- CD4-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- intraepiteliální lymfocyty imunologie metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- kur domácí imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- nemoci drůbeže imunologie metabolismus mikrobiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Salmonella enteritidis imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- salmonelové vakcíny imunologie MeSH
- salmonelóza imunologie metabolismus mikrobiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of the most common enteropathogenic bacteria found in pigs in Europe. In our previous work, we demonstrated the protective effects in suckling piglets when their dams had been vaccinated with an S. Typhimurium-based inactivated vaccine. This study is focused on a procedure leading to serological discrimination between vaccinated and infected pigs. As we supposed, distinct environment during natural infection and in bacterial cultures used for vaccine preparation led to a slightly different spectrum of expressed S. Typhimurium proteins. The examination of porcine antibodies produced after the experimental infection with S. Typhimurium or after vaccination with S. Typhimurium-based inactivated vaccine by affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed differences in antibody response applicable for serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. RESULTS: Antibodies against Salmonella SipB, SipD and SseB proteins were detected at much higher levels in post-infection sera in comparison with control and post-vaccination sera. On the other hand, proteins BamB, OppA and a fragment of FliC interacted with antibodies from post-vaccination sera with a much higher intensity than from control and post-infection sera. In addition, we constructed ELISA assays using post-infection antigen - SipB protein and post-vaccination antigen - FliC-fragment and evaluated them on a panel of individual porcine sera. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of antibody response of infected and vaccinated pigs by proteomic tools enabled to identify S. Typhimurium antigens useful for distinguishing infected from vaccinated animals. This approach can be utilized in other challenges where DIVA vaccine and a subsequent serological assay are required, especially when genetic modification of a vaccine strain is not desirable.
- MeSH
- antigeny bakteriální metabolismus MeSH
- ELISA veterinární MeSH
- inaktivované vakcíny imunologie MeSH
- nemoci prasat diagnóza imunologie MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- proteomika * MeSH
- protilátky bakteriální krev MeSH
- Salmonella typhimurium genetika MeSH
- salmonelová infekce u zvířat diagnóza imunologie MeSH
- salmonelové vakcíny imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The colonization of poultry with different Salmonella enterica serovars poses an issue throughout the world. In this study we therefore tested the efficacy of a vaccine consisting of attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Infantis against challenge with the same serovars and with S. Agona, Dublin and Hadar. We tested oral and aerosol administration of the vaccine, with or without co-administration of cecal microbiota from adult hens. The protective effect was determined by bacterial counts of the challenge strains up to week 18 of life and by characterizing the immune response using real-time PCR specific for 16 different genes. We have shown that a vaccine consisting of attenuated S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis protected chickens against challenge with the wild type strains of the same serovars and partially protected chickens also against challenge with isolates belonging to serovars Dublin or Hadar. Aerosol vaccination was more effective at inducing systemic immunity whilst oral vaccination stimulated a local immune response in the gut. Co-administration of cecal microbiota increased the protectiveness in the intestinal tract but slightly decreased the systemic immune response. Adjusting the vaccine composition and changing the administration route therefore affects vaccine efficacy.
- MeSH
- atenuované vakcíny terapeutické užití MeSH
- kombinované vakcíny terapeutické užití MeSH
- kur domácí imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- nemoci drůbeže imunologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Salmonella enteritidis imunologie MeSH
- Salmonella typhimurium imunologie MeSH
- Salmonella imunologie MeSH
- salmonelová infekce u zvířat imunologie mikrobiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- salmonelové vakcíny imunologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
- Salmonella účinky léků MeSH
- salmonelové vakcíny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- salmonelóza * diagnóza farmakoterapie přenos MeSH
- vakcinace metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Poultry is the most frequent reservoir of non-typhoid Salmonella enterica for humans. Understanding the interactions between chickens and S. enterica is therefore important for vaccine design and subsequent decrease in the incidence of human salmonellosis. In this study we therefore characterized the interactions between chickens and phoP, aroA, SPI1 and SPI2 mutants of S. Enteritidis. First we tested the response of HD11 chicken macrophage-like cell line to S. Enteritidis infection monitoring the transcription of 36 genes related to immune response. All the mutants and the wild type strain induced inflammatory signaling in the HD11 cell line though the response to SPI1 mutant infection was different from the rest of the mutants. When newly hatched chickens were inoculated, the phoP as well as the SPI1 mutant did not induce an expression of any of the tested genes in the cecum. Despite this, such chickens were protected against challenge with wild-type S. Enteritidis. On the other hand, inoculation of chickens with the aroA or SPI2 mutant induced expression of 27 and 18 genes, respectively, including genes encoding immunoglobulins. Challenge of chickens inoculated with these two mutants resulted in repeated induction of 11 and 13 tested genes, respectively, including the genes encoding immunoglobulins. In conclusion, SPI1 and phoP mutants induced protective immunity without inducing an inflammatory response and antibody production. Inoculation of chickens with the SPI2 and aroA mutants also led to protective immunity but was associated with inflammation and antibody production. The differences in interaction between the mutants and chicken host can be used for a more detailed understanding of the chicken immune system.
- MeSH
- atenuované vakcíny imunologie MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- cékum imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- kur domácí MeSH
- makrofágy imunologie MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nemoci drůbeže imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Salmonella enteritidis * genetika imunologie MeSH
- salmonelová infekce u zvířat imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- salmonelové vakcíny imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is gradually decreasing in poultry flocks in the EU, which may result in the demand for a vaccine that allows for the differentiation of vaccinated flocks from those infected by wild-type S. Enteritidis. In this study, we therefore constructed a (Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1) SPI1-lon mutant with or without fliC encoding for S. Enteritidis flagellin. The combination of SPI1-lon mutations resulted in attenuated but immunogenic mutant suitable for oral vaccination of poultry. In addition, the vaccination of chickens with the SPI1-lon-fliC mutant enabled the serological differentiation of vaccinated and infected chickens. The absence of fliC therefore did not affect the immunogenicity of the vaccine strain and allowed for serological differentiation of the vaccinated chickens. The SPI1-lon-fliC mutant is therefore a suitable marker vaccine strain for oral vaccination of poultry.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- flagelin genetika imunologie MeSH
- kur domácí MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- nemoci drůbeže prevence a kontrola MeSH
- proteasa La genetika imunologie MeSH
- protilátky bakteriální imunologie MeSH
- Salmonella enteritidis genetika růst a vývoj imunologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- salmonelová infekce u zvířat prevence a kontrola MeSH
- salmonelové vakcíny aplikace a dávkování imunologie MeSH
- vakcinace veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In this study we were interested in the serovar cross-protection potential of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1) attenuated vaccine strains of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium and immune response of vaccinated and naive chickens to Salmonella infection. The immune response was characterized by real time PCR quantifying transcripts of interleukins IL1β, IL17, IL22, interferon gamma (IFNγ), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), immunoglobulins IgM, IgA, IgY and Ig light chain, and six genes of acute phase response including avidin, serum amyloid A, extracellular fatty acid-binding protein (Ex-FABP), immune responsive gene 1, chemokine AH221 and trappin-6. Vaccination with SPI1 mutants of both serovars protected chickens against Salmonella infection, independent of the serovar used for the challenge and the time post infection. However, expressions of all interleukins, iNOS and Ex-FABP showed that protection against homologous serovars was significantly higher than against heterologous serovars after intravenous challenge at 4 days post infection. The vaccination with a mixture of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium SPI1 mutants induced an intermediate protection against challenge with both serovars, i.e. the mixed vaccine provided an additional protective effect when compared with the chickens vaccinated with a vaccine formed by only a single Salmonella serovar.
- MeSH
- atenuované vakcíny genetika imunologie MeSH
- chemokiny imunologie MeSH
- genomové ostrovy MeSH
- kur domácí imunologie MeSH
- nemoci drůbeže imunologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- protilátky bakteriální krev imunologie MeSH
- Salmonella enterica genetika imunologie patogenita MeSH
- Salmonella enteritidis genetika imunologie MeSH
- Salmonella typhimurium genetika imunologie MeSH
- salmonelová infekce u zvířat imunologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- salmonelové vakcíny genetika imunologie MeSH
- vakcinace veterinární MeSH
- zkřížená ochrana * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
