Výskum probiotík pre akvakultúru je v ranom štádiu a pre ich implementáciu je potrebné vykonať ešte množstvo experimentov. Laktiplantibacily patria medzi mikroorganizmy, ktoré sa najčastejšie používajú na prípravu probiotických preparátov. Doterajšie výsledky nie sú postačujúce, práve preto sú potrebné ďalšie štúdie. Výber probiotík pre akvakultúru a ich vývoj pre komerčné využitie v akvakultúre je mnohostupňový a multidisciplinárny proces vyžadujúci si v prvej etape základný a neskôr aj aplikovaný výskum a posúdenie jeho použitia v praxi. Cieľom štúdie bolo pripraviť probiotické krmivo pre ryby s využitím pomocných látok a následne sledovať prežívateľnosť probiotických bakteriálnych buniek v krmive počas 9-mesačného skladovania pri chladničkovej (4 °C) a izbovej teplote (22 °C). Na prípravu krmiva bol použitý kmeň Lactobacillus plantarum R2 Biocenol™ (CCM 8674) (podľa novej taxonómie Lactiplantibacillus plantarum), potenciálne využiteľný pre probiotické účely v akvakultúre. Lepšia prežívateľnosť probiotických bakteriálnych buniek bola zaznamenaná vo vzorkách krmiva A (Aquatex 41 HMD) v porovnaní so vzorkami probiotických peliet B (Inicio 918-2). Keďže oxidácia mastných kyselín v krmive ovplyvňuje nutričnú kvalitu jednotlivých komponentov krmiva, predpokladáme, že vyššie množstvo oleja v krmive B negatívne ovplyvnilo prežívateľnosť probiotických bakteriálnych buniek. Najvyššie počty životaschopných probiotických baktérií boli zaznamenané pri 4 °C skladovania krmiva. Po 9 mesiacoch skladovania pri chladničkovej teplote počty laktiplantibacilov vo vzorkách krmiva A klesli z hodnoty 7,30 log10KTJ/g na počet 5,57 log10KTJ/g. Teplota je považovaná za rozhodujúci faktor ovplyvňujúci životaschopnosť a prežívateľnosť probiotických baktérií počas doby skladovania.
Research in probiotics for aquaculture is at an early stage of development and much work is still needed. Lactiplantibacilli belong to the microorganisms most frequently used to prepare the probiotics. The available information is inconclusive, since few experiments with sufficiently robust design have been conducted to permit critical evaluation. The development of probiotics applicable to commercial use in aquaculture is a multistep and multidisciplinary process requiring both empirical and fundamental research, full-scale trials, and an economic assessment of its use. The aim of the study was to prepare a probiotic aquafeed via excipients and subsequently to observe the survival of probiotic bacterial cells in the feed during the nine months storage period at a refrigerator (4 °C) or room temperature (22 °C). The strain Lactobacillus plantarum R2 Biocenol™ (CCM 8674) (according to the new taxonomy Lactiplantibacillus plantarum), potentially usable as a probiotic in aquaculture, was administered to prepare the aquafeed. Better survival of probiotic bacterial cells was recorded in a samples of pellets A (Aquatex 41 HMD) compared to the samples of probiotic pellets B (Inicio 918-2). Since oxidation of fatty acids in feed affects the nutritional quality of individual feed components, we assume that higher amounts of oil in feed B negatively affected the survival of probiotic bacterial cells. The highest numbers of viable probiotic bacteria cells were recorded at 4 °C storage of probiotic feed samples. The number of lactiplantibacilli dropped from 7.30 log10CFU . g–1 to 5.57 log10CFU . g–1 after the nine months storage period of feed samples A at 4 °C. Temperature is considered as a critical factor influencing probiotic viability and survival during storage period.
The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of foodborne fluoxetine on morphological and condition profile, hematological profile, biochemical and oxidative stress indices on juvenile rainbow trout. The study was performed according to OECD Guideline No. 215. Fluoxetine was incorporated into Biomar 921 pellets at a dose of 0.047 mg/kg (environmental concentration), 0.577 mg/kg and 6.7 mg/kg. There was statistically significant change in hematological profile, including an increasing trend in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and a decreasing trend in the number of lymphocytes. Measurements of oxidative stress indicated decreased activity of the detoxifying enzyme glutathione-S-transferase in the liver and kidney. However, the measurement of GR, GPx, CAT, SOD activity, and TBARS showed no changes. Histopathological examination revealed damage to the proximal tubules of caudal kidney in exposed groups. This study confirms that fluoxetine has a significant effect on immune response.
- MeSH
- antidepresiva druhé generace toxicita MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- fluoxetin toxicita MeSH
- imunita účinky léků MeSH
- kontaminace potravin MeSH
- krevní obraz MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss krev imunologie MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- proximální tubuly ledvin účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Two genotypes of the intestinal parasite Ceratonova shasta infect Oncorhynchus mykiss: genotype 0 results in a chronic infection with low mortality while genotype IIR causes disease with high mortality. We determined parasite load and the relative expression of six immune factors (IgT, IgM, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFNG) in fish infected with either genotype over 29 days post-exposure. In genotype IIR infections the host responded with upregulation of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines. In contrast, genotype 0 infection did not elicit an inflammatory response and expression of IFNG and IL-10 was lower. Antibody expression was upregulated in both infections but appeared to have limited efficacy in the virulent genotype IIR infections. Histologically, in genotype 0 infections the parasite migrated through the tissue layers causing inflammation but minimal damage to the mucosal epithelium, which contrasts with the severe pathology found in genotype IIR infections.
- MeSH
- cytokiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- genotyp * MeSH
- imunoglobulin M krev MeSH
- imunoglobuliny krev MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
- Myxozoa genetika patogenita MeSH
- nemoci ryb imunologie MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss imunologie MeSH
- parazitární nemoci u zvířat imunologie MeSH
- parazitární zátěž MeSH
- pohyb buněk MeSH
- rybí proteiny krev MeSH
- sliznice imunologie MeSH
- virulence MeSH
- zánět imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
The objective of the present study is to identify and evaluate informative indicators for the welfare of rainbow trout exposed to (A) a water temperature of 27 °C and (B) a stocking density of 100 kg/m3 combined with a temperature of 27 °C. The spleen-somatic and condition index, haematocrit and the concentrations of haemoglobin, plasma cortisol and glucose revealed non-significant differences between the two stress groups and the reference group 8 days after the onset of the experiments. The transcript abundance of almost 1,500 genes was modulated at least twofold in in the spleen of rainbow trout exposed to a critical temperature alone or a critical temperature combined with crowding as compared to the reference fish. The number of differentially expressed genes was four times higher in trout that were simultaneously challenged with high temperature and crowding, compared to trout challenged with high temperature alone. Based on these sets of differentially expressed genes, we identified unique and common tissue- and stress type-specific pathways. Furthermore, our subsequent immunologic analyses revealed reduced bactericidal and inflammatory activity and a significantly altered blood-cell composition in challenged versus non-challenged rainbow trout. Altogether, our data demonstrate that heat and overstocking exert synergistic effects on the rainbow trout's physiology, especially on the immune system.
- MeSH
- glukosa metabolismus MeSH
- hemoglobiny analýza MeSH
- hydrokortison krev MeSH
- imunitní systém imunologie MeSH
- nahuštění v prostoru * MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss genetika imunologie MeSH
- reakce na tepelný šok * MeSH
- rybí proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- slezina imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- transkriptom * MeSH
- výpočetní biologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of T-2 toxin-contaminated feed (at concentrations of 1.0 and 1.8 mg/kg) on the rainbow trout immune system by studying non-specific cellular and humoral immune responses and its effect on red and white blood cells. Consumption of T-2 toxin at both concentrations resulted in significantly increased erythrocyte counts and a decrease in mean corpuscular volume. While a significant decrease in mean corpuscular haemoglobin was observed at both experimental concentrations, the decrease in plasma haemoglobin was only significant at the higher T-2 toxin concentration. Higher T-2 toxin concentrations resulted in a significant increase in leukocyte and lymphocyte count, while absolute phagocyte count and counts of less mature neutrophil granulocyte forms remained unchanged at both concentrations. Non-specific humoral immunity (bactericidal activity measured as complement activation) decreased significantly in both experimental groups when compared with the control. The results of this study show that T-2 toxin in feed at a concentration range of 1.0-1.8 mg/kg influences the immunological defence mechanisms of rainbow trout.Trial registration number, MSMT-3876/2014-14; date of registration, 31/1/2014.
- MeSH
- Fusarium chemie metabolismus MeSH
- hemoglobiny metabolismus MeSH
- humorální imunita účinky léků MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss krev imunologie metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- počet erytrocytů MeSH
- počet leukocytů MeSH
- T-2 toxin analýza metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Despite the high number of studies concerning seasonality of immune response in fish, information for some fish species is still scarce. Here, we assess seasonal changes in leukocyte counts and several immune parameters in three groups of farmed salmonids, i.e. brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brook trout x Arctic charr hybrids (Salvelinus fontinalis x Salvelinus alpinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared under the same conditions and fed with the same feed. Fish were sampled in five periods of the year (late April, early July, late August, early November and early February) and leukocyte counts, respiratory burst of blood phagocytes, lysozyme concentration in skin mucus and total complement activity were measured. Generalized linear models using fish body length as a continuous predictor and sampling period and fish species as categorical predictors, were significant for each of the parameters analysed. The highest seasonal variations in measured parameters were found in rainbow trout and lowest in hybrids. Our results confirm that measures of innate and adaptive immunity are strongly affected by season in all three groups of salmonids. The results will contribute to the improved assessment of immunocompetence in farmed fishes, essential for future sustainable development in aquaculture.
- MeSH
- fagocyty imunologie MeSH
- hlen chemie MeSH
- hybridizace genetická MeSH
- komplement metabolismus MeSH
- kůže chemie MeSH
- muramidasa metabolismus MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss imunologie MeSH
- počet leukocytů veterinární MeSH
- pstruh imunologie MeSH
- respirační vzplanutí * MeSH
- roční období * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Under environmental conditions, fish are simultaneously exposed to multiple stressors. This study provides new knowledge on the effects of controlled exposure to multiple stressors, namely cyanobacterial biomass and food contaminated with arsenic. METHODS: Rainbow trout were divided into six groups of 25 fish and exposed to different contaminant combinations for 30 days: 1) control group, 2) cyanobacterial biomass, 3 & 4) two groups exposed to arsenic at concentrations of 5 mg.kg(-1) and 50 mg.kg(-1) fish feed, and 5 & 6) two groups exposed to cyanobacterial biomass and arsenic combined. We then evaluated pathological, haematological and immunological parameters at 10, 20 and 30 days after exposure. RESULTS: Marked gross pathological findings were present in groups exposed to arsenic and arsenic/cyanobacteria after 30 days. A strong decrease in haemoglobin concentration was observed in all experimental groups receiving arsenic after 10 days exposure. Total leukocyte count increased markedly in fish exposed to cyanobacterial biomass, and to higher arsenic concentrations by the end of the experiment. Neutrophils decreased significantly at the end of exposure. Similarly, exposure to cyanobacteria and/or arsenic led to suppression of opsonised zymosan particle-induced neutrophil respiratory bursts. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that the effects of exposure to toxic cyanobacterial biomass and arsenic on fish are enhanced when the contaminants are combined. In particular, long-term exposure led to disturbances in the white blood-cell count. Modulation of phagocytosis, which is the first line of defence against invading pathogens, suggests that the combined action leads to a decreased ability to control infection.
- MeSH
- arsen farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální infekce krev imunologie patologie MeSH
- erytrocytární znaky účinky léků MeSH
- fagocyty účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- karcinogeny farmakologie MeSH
- Microcystis * MeSH
- mikrocystiny farmakologie MeSH
- neutrofily účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss krev imunologie MeSH
- počet leukocytů MeSH
- sinice MeSH
- železo krev MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Effect of long-term oral administration of three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%) of micronized β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan derived from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus, Hiratake) on biometrical, haematological, biochemical, and immunological indices of half-year-old rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was assessed in the study. Design: Rainbow trout were feed commercial feed pellets containing β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan in the concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% for 85 days. Biometrical indices consisted in total and standard length, body and liver weight, from which derived somatic parameters such as Fulton´s condition factor and hepatosomatic index were calculated. Haematological parameters were evaluated according to unified methods for haematological examination in fish. Plasma biochemical profile was analysed using biochemical analyser Konelab 20i and Easy Lyte Analyzer. A phagocyte cells metabolic activity (induced chemiluminescence of phagocytes) was determined as an immunological parameter by a microplate luminometric method on Immunotech LM-01T. Results: No clinical signs of behavioral, respiratory, or neurologic distress were observed in rainbow trout. Fish showed normal feeding behavior. As for biometric parameters, no significant changes in total and standard length, body weight, liver weight, as well as in condition factor and hepatosomatic index of experimental and control fish were found. In the course of the study, weight gains in rainbow trout were similar and continuous. Shifts in PCV (p<0.05), haemoglobin (p<0.05), and MCHC (p<0.01) were found within haematological indices. Plasma concentration of glucose, lactate, total protein, cholesterol, calcium, natrium, potassium (all p<0.05), albumins and chlorides (both p<0.01), as well as catalytic activities of ALT and AST (both p<0.05) were changed in the course of the study. A phagocyte cells metabolic activity (luminol-induced chemiluminescence) in rainbow trout was not altered by oyster mushroom β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan administration. Conclusion: After long-term oral administration of three concentrations of micronized β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan derived from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus, Hiratake) shifts in haematological and biochemical profiling were found in half-year-old rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in environmental conditions of a commercial rainbow trout fishery. Biometrical indices were not found significantly altered. No specific effect of β-glucan on immune system response of rainbow trout was found in the study. The use of β-glucan in prosperous, clinically healthy aquaculture is still an issue, nevertheless, its use in breedings endangered by stress stimuli, infectious diseases or adverse environmental factors is indisputable.
- MeSH
- adjuvancia imunologická farmakologie MeSH
- beta-glukany farmakologie MeSH
- imunitní systém účinky léků MeSH
- krevní proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata * MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss krev růst a vývoj imunologie MeSH
- Pleurotus chemie MeSH
- rybářství metody MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
