Overpopulation of domestic pigeons is considered to be one of the major problems of urban centers, as these birds are responsible for the dissemination of relevant pathogens to animal and human health. The aim of this study was to detect potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in domestic pigeons captured in areas near silos used for grain and feed storage, analyzing the antimicrobial sensitivity and the presence of virulence-associated genes. We evaluated 41 pigeons. From each bird, cecal contents and a pool of viscera (heart, spleen, and liver) were collected. Fifty strains of E. coli and three strains of S. Typhimurium were isolated. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay showed that 2% of the isolates of E. coli were resistant to chloramphenicol and the combination of sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim and 4% to tetracycline, doxycycline, and sulfonamide. The three S. Typhimurium strains were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested. The pathogenicity profile demonstrated that no E. coli isolates showed a STEC compatible profile. Regarding the APEC pathotype, all genes were observed in 8% of E. coli, 6% had only the iss gene and 4% presented ompT, hlyF, and iutA genes. invA, hilA, avrA, and lpfA genes were detected in 100% of Salmonella isolates. The sitC and pefA genes were only present in one strain and the remaining genes were detected in two. In conclusion, it was found that pigeons living in the vicinity of silos are carriers of important pathogens, and control measures should be taken to minimize animal and human health risks.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• Columbidae mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• nemoci drůbeže epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• virulence genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Brazílie MeSH

The aim of this work is to study the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella and Shigella at the largest Bulgarian hospital-University Hospital "St. George," Plovdiv-for the period 2009-2013. Two hundred ninety strains were in vitro tested for resistance to 15 antimicrobial agents. The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was demonstrated by a variety of specialized tests. For comparison, a collection of 28 strains submitted by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) "Enteric Infections" at the National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, was also tested for the production of ESBLs. In isolates, phenotypically demonstrated as ESBL producers, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the genes bla-CTX-M, bla-SHV, and bla-TEM was performed. Among the 290 tested isolates, only two- Salmonella serotype Livingstone and Shigella flexneri-were phenotypically proven to be ESBL producers. Only 4 strains from the collection of 28, submitted from the NRL "Intestinal Infections" in NCIPD, Sofia, were phenotypically confirmed as ESBL producers. The presence of the bla-CTX-M gene was detected in all of the tested strains (4 from NRL, NCIPD, Sofia, and 2 from the University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv), the bla-SHV gene only in strain S. Livingstone from Plovdiv, and the bla-TEM gene in two from Sofia and one (again S. Livingstone) from Plovdiv. In conclusion, Salmonella and Shigella isolates from patients hospitalized at the University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, with acute gastroenteritis demonstrate good susceptibility to the most commonly used antibiotic agents, including azithromycin.

• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bacilární dyzentérie diagnóza   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• gastroenteritida diagnóza   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nemocnice univerzitní MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Salmonella účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• salmonelóza diagnóza   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Shigella účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bulharsko epidemiologie   MeSH

Salmonella has been detected in the feces of many wildlife species, including raccoons (Procyon lotor), but little is known about the epidemiology of Salmonella in wildlife living in different habitat types. Our objective was to investigate demographic, temporal, and climatic factors associated with the carriage of Salmonella in raccoons and their environment on swine farms and conservation areas. Using a repeated cross-sectional study design, we collected fecal samples from raccoons and environmental samples (soil, manure pits, dumpsters) on 5 swine farms and 5 conservation areas in Ontario, Canada once every five weeks from May to November, 2011-2013. Salmonella was detected in 26% (279/1093; 95% CI 22.9-28.2) of raccoon fecal samples, 6% (88/1609; 95% CI 4.5-6.8) of soil samples, 30% (21/69; 95% CI 20.0-42.7) of manure pit samples, and 23% (7/31; 95% CI 9.6-41.0) of dumpster samples. Of samples testing positive for Salmonella, antimicrobial resistance was detected in 5% (14/279; 95% CI 2.8-8.3) of raccoon fecal, 8% (7/89; 95% CI 3.2-15.5) of soil, 10% (2/21; 95% CI 1.2-30.4) of manure pit, and 0/7 dumpster samples. Using multi-level multivariable logistic regression analyses, we found location type (swine farm or conservation area) was not a significant explanatory variable for Salmonella occurrence in raccoon feces or soil (p > 0.05). However, detection of Salmonella in raccoon feces was associated with rainfall, season, and sex with various interaction effects among these variables. We detected a variety of Salmonella serovars that infect humans and livestock in the feces of raccoons indicating that raccoons living near humans, regardless of location type, may play a role in the epidemiology of salmonellosis in livestock and humans in southwestern Ontario.

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• farmy * MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
• mývalové mikrobiologie   MeSH
• roční období * MeSH
• Salmonella * účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ontario epidemiologie   MeSH

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
• Salmonella účinky léků   MeSH
• salmonelové vakcíny farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• salmonelóza * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   přenos   MeSH
• vakcinace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

It is well understood that Salmonella is carried by animals and in majority of cases as asymptomatic hosts. Surveillance efforts have focused on the role of agriculture and contamination points along the food chain as the main source of human infection; however, very little attention has been paid to the contribution of wildlife in the dissemination of Salmonella and what effect anthropogenic sources have on the circulation of antibiotic resistant Salmonella serovars in wildlife species. A purposive survey was taken of large corvids roosting yearly between November and March in Europe and North America. Two thousand and seven hundred and seventy-eight corvid faecal specimens from 11 countries were submitted for Salmonella spp. culture testing. Presumptive positive isolates were further serotyped, susceptibility tested and analysed for antibiotic resistance genes. Overall, 1.40% (39/2778) (CI = 1.01, 1.90) of samples were positive for Salmonella spp. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most prevalent serovar followed by S. Infantis, S. Montevideo and S. Typhimurium. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in the proportion of Salmonella recovered in Europe versus North America. The most variability of serovars within a site was in Kansas, USA with five different serovars recovered. European sites were significantly more likely to yield Salmonella resistant to more than one antibiotic (OR 71.5, P < 0.001, CI = 3.77, 1358) than North American sites, where no resistance was found. Resistance to nalidixic acid, a quinolone, was recovered in nine isolates from four serovars in four different sites across Europe. Large corvids contribute to the transmission and dissemination of Salmonella and resistance genes between human and animal populations and across great distances. This information adds to the knowledge base of zoonotic pathogen prevalence and antibiotic resistance ecology in wild birds.

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• Salmonella účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• salmonelóza farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• vrány mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH

An increased number of cases of salmonellosis caused by the rare serotype Mikawasima was noted in the years 2012 and 2013 in the Czech Republic. A potential on-going outbreak caused by this serotype in European countries has also been reported. Altogether 14 human and 1 environmental isolates from the year 2012 and 11 human isolates from the year 2013 from different locations of the Czech Republic were sent to our laboratory for typing. Macrorestriction analysis together with antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCR for ESBL and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance detection were performed to compare our isolates. Twenty-one isolates created two very similar clusters and 5 isolates had different profiles. Twenty-five isolates were fully susceptible to all agents used. One isolate showed resistance to 12 microbial agents and possessed blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M and qnrB genes.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• beta-laktamová rezistence MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Salmonella klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelóza epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Cíl práce: Posoudit základní klinické, laboratorní a mikrobiologické charakteristiky dospělých pacientů se salmonelózou hospitalizovaných na Klinice infekčních chorob Fakultní nemocnice Brno v letech 2011–2013. Materiál a metodiky: Retrospektivní analýza klinických a laboratorních parametrů 161 pacientů hospitalizovaných na Klinice infekčních chorob Fakultní nemocnice Brno od 1. 1. 2011 do 31. 12. 2013. Výsledky: Invazivní forma salmonelózy byla pozorována u 22,4 % souboru. Celková letalita byla 3,1 %. Antibiotiky bylo léčeno 93,8 % pacientů. Přechodná lehká až střední leukocytopenie byla přítomna u 4,3 % a trombocytopenie u 9,3 %pacientů. Transientní leukocytopenie a trombocytopenie nebyly ve studovaném souboru klinicky významné. Užívání inhibitorů protonové pumpy představuje rizikový faktor pro rozvoj salmonelózy (p = 0,128), není však rizikovým faktorem pro invazivní formu onemocnění. Rizikový faktor pro invazivní formu salmonelózy představuje dlouhodobé užívání opioidů (p = 0,003) a kyseliny acetylosalicylové (p = 0,015). Mezi další rizikové faktory pro rozvoj invazivního onemocnění patří: věk nad 70 let (p = 0,011), arteriální hypertenze (p = 0,004), trvání onemocnění méně než 3 dny (p = 0,006), hodnota kreatininu v séru nad 250 μmol/l (p = 0,01), počet leukocytů v periferní krvi nad 12 x 109/l (p = 0,001) a tělesná teplota nad 38 °C (p = 0,001). Hypokalémie nepředstavuje rizikový faktor pro rozvoj invazivní formy salmonelózy. Závěry: Invazivní formou salmonelózy jsou ohroženi především starší jedinci dlouhodobě užívající opioidy nebo kyselinu acetylosalicylovou, s trváním onemocnění 1–3 dny a splňující kritéria syndromu systémové zánětlivé odpovědi. Empirická antibiotická terapie je indikována příliš často a není adekvátně deeskalována.

Introduction: The aim of the study is to describe the basic clinical, laboratory, and microbiological characteristics in adult patients with salmonellosis hospitalized at the Infectious Diseases Clinic of the University Hospital Brno in 2011–2013. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters of 161 patients hospitalized at the Infectious Diseases Clinic of the University Hospital Brno from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013. Results: Invasive salmonellosis was seen in 22.4 % of the study group. The overall lethality rate reached 3.1 %. Treatment with antibiotics was used in 93.8% of patients. Transient mild to moderate leukocytopenia was reported in 4.3 % of patients and thrombocytopenia in 9.3% of patients. Transient changes in white blood cells as well as in the thrombocyte count were not clinically important. Long-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors is a risk factor for salmonellosis (p = 0.128), but not for invasive salmonellosis. Long-term use of opioids (p = 0.003) and/or acetylsalicylic acid (p = 0.015) is a risk factor for invasive salmonellosis. Other risk factors for invasive disease are: age over 70 years (p = 0.011), arterial hypertension (p = 0.004), disease duration of less than three days (p = 0.006), serum creatinine level above 250 μmol/l (p = 0.01), peripheral leucocyte count above 12 x 109/l (p=0.001), and body temperature above 38 °C (p = 0.001). Hypokalemia does not represent a risk factor for invasive salmonellosis. Conclusions: Aged patients on long-term opioids or acetylsalicylic acid, with disease duration of less than three days, and meeting the criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome are at the highest risk for invasive salmonellosis. Empirical antibiotics are prescribed too often and the treatment is not properly de-escalated.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• biochemická analýza krve MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein diagnostické užití   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hospitalizace MeSH
• klinický obraz nemoci MeSH
• kreatin MeSH
• leukocyty MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• močovina MeSH
• neutrofily MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Salmonella * patogenita   účinky léků   MeSH
• salmonelóza * diagnóza   klasifikace   komplikace   mikrobiologie   mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• syndrom systémové zánětlivé reakce MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to characterize a collection of Escherichia coli and Salmonella harbouring qnr and bla(CTX-M-1) genes on IncN plasmids isolated from humans, food-producing, companion and wild animals, and the environment from six European countries. METHODS: Nineteen IncN plasmids were compared using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST) and hybridization with repN, qnrS1, qnrB19 or bla(CTX-M-1) probes. Plasmids pKT58A and pHHA45 were sequenced using the 454-Genome Sequencer FLX platform on a library constructed from plasmid DNA purified from the respective E. coli transformants. RESULTS: Three types of IncN plasmids carrying bla(CTX-M-1), qnrS1 and qnrB19 genes were identified in strains isolated from the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Denmark, Italy and the Netherlands, corresponding to pMLST sequence type (ST) 1, ST3 and ST8, respectively. Related plasmids circulating in human and animal isolates were identified. Complete nucleotide sequences of the ST1 pHHA45 plasmid carrying bla(CTX-M-1), isolated from E. coli from pigs in Denmark, and the ST3 pKT58A plasmid harbouring qnrS1, identified in E. coli from a water bird, were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated wide distribution of specific IncN plasmids disseminating bla(CTX-M-1) and qnr genes among animals and humans in Europe.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• bakteriální infekce mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• hybridizace nukleových kyselin MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie životního prostředí * MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• plazmidy * MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• Salmonella účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

The objective of this study was to assess the genotypic diversity associated with antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella serovars isolated from patients arriving with diarrhoea to six hospitals of Tehran, Iran. During 2007-2008, a cross-sectional convenience study was performed. Stool samples were screened for the presence of Salmonella, serotyped, tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion and examined for the presence of relevant resistance genes and integrons by PCR. A total of 1,120 patients were screened for the presence of Salmonella. Out of 71 Salmonella isolates recovered, the following serovars were identified: 17 Typhi, 14 Paratyphi C, 13 Enteritidis, 11 Paratyphi B, 10 Paratyphi A and six Infantis. Most resistance was observed towards sulfamethoxazole (30%), tetracyclines (25%), nalidixic acid (22%), spectinomycin (17%), trimethoprim (15%), ampicillin (14%) and kanamycin (14%). The tetracycline resistance genes tet(A), tet(B), and tet(G) were found in 28%, 14% and 6% of the tetracycline resistant isolates, respectively. The genes aadA, aadB, strA, strB and aphA1-Iab were present in 83%, 55%, 34%, 1% and 17% of the aminoglycoside resistant isolates, respectively. Additionally, bla (PSE) and bla (TEM) β-lactamase genes were detected in 63% and 18% of the ampicillin-resistant isolates. The 23 sulphonamide resistant isolates harboured sul1 and intI1 genes, typical to class 1 integrons. Nine of these isolates also yielded amplicons for intI2 (class 2 integrons). The presence of multi-drug resistant Salmonella may compromise the successful treatment of enteric infection diseases. The enforcement of strict prescription practices will help to minimise the emergence of resistance.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• nemocnice statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• Salmonella klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelóza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Írán MeSH

AIM: To examine surface water from a pond in the northeastern part of the Czech Republic and young black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) nesting on the same pond for the presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella and Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 16% (n = 87) of water and 24% (n = 216) of gull samples yielded Salmonella. Salmonella Enteritidis PT8 and PT4 were the most prevalent. Antibiotic resistance was found in 12% (n = 14) of water and 28% (n = 51) of gull salmonellae. Escherichia coli were found in 83 (95%) and 213 (99%) of pond water and gull samples, respectively. Totals of 18% (n = 83) of water and 28% (n = 213) of gull E. coli isolates were resistant to antimicrobial agents tested. Class 1 integrons were found in 21% (n = 14) of water and 15% (n = 60) of gull antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates. Class 2 integrons and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates (with bla(CTX-M-1), bla(CTX-M-15)-like, bla(SHV-2) and bla(SHV-12)) were found in 13% (eight positive, n = 60 gull-resistant E. coli isolates) and 3% (seven positive, n = 216 gull E. coli isolates) of gull isolates, respectively. Antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates with identical pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were found in either gulls or water, but not both. Salmonellae of the same serotype and PFGE profile were found in both gulls and water. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae and E. coli were found in both pond water and in sympatric black-headed gulls. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Intensive contamination of pond surface water by antibiotic-resistant E. coli and salmonellae was documented. Black-headed gulls were identified as important reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae and E. coli, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing isolates.

• MeSH
• antibiotická rezistence MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   MeSH
• Charadriiformes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• integrony MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• pulzní gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• Salmonella účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH