The atherogenic impact and functional capacity of LCAT was studied and discussed over a half century. This review aims to clarify the key points that may affect the final decision on whether LCAT is an anti-atherogenic or atherogenic factor. There are three main processes involving the efflux of free cholesterol from peripheral cells, LCAT action in intravascular pool where cholesterol esterification rate is under the control of HDL, LDL and VLDL subpopulations, and finally the destination of newly produced cholesteryl esters either to the catabolism in liver or to a futile cycle with apoB lipoproteins. The functionality of LCAT substantially depends on its mass together with the composition of the phospholipid bilayer as well as the saturation and the length of fatty acyls and other effectors about which we know yet nothing. Over the years, LCAT puzzle has been significantly supplemented but yet not so satisfactory as to enable how to manipulate LCAT in order to prevent cardiometabolic events. It reminds the butterfly effect when only a moderate change in the process of transformation free cholesterol to cholesteryl esters may cause a crucial turn in the intended target. On the other hand, two biomarkers - FER(HDL) (fractional esterification rate in HDL) and AIP [log(TG/HDL-C)] can offer a benefit to identify the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). They both reflect the rate of cholesterol esterification by LCAT and the composition of lipoprotein subpopulations that controls this rate. In clinical practice, AIP can be calculated from the routine lipid profile with help of AIP calculator www.biomed.cas.cz/fgu/aip/calculator.php.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• cholesterol metabolismus   MeSH
• esterifikace MeSH
• lecitincholesterolacyltransferasa metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipoproteiny HDL metabolismus   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• cholesterol MeSH
• lecitincholesterolacyltransferasa MeSH
• lipoproteiny HDL MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH

Obesity is a strong cardiometabolic (CM) risk factor in children. We tested potential CM risk in obese/overweight children and the effect of an intensive lifestyle intervention using newer CM markers: atherogenic index of plasma AIP [Log(TG/HDL-C)], apoB/apoAI ratio and a marker of insulin resistance HOMA-IR. The participants (194 girls, 115 boys, average age 13) were enrolled in an intensive, one-month, inpatient weight reduction program. The program consisted of individualised dietary changes and the exercise program comprised aerobic and resistance training. Anthropometrical and biochemical parameters in plasma and CM risk biomarkers - (AIP, apoB/apoAI ratio and HOMA-IR) were examined before and after the intervention. AIP and HOMA-IR significantly correlated with BMI while apoB/apoAI ratio did not. Only AIP and HOMA-IR showed systematic increases according to the level of obesity by BMI quartiles. Lifestyle intervention significantly improved anthropometrical and biochemical values and the biomarkers too. The response of lipid parameters to the intervention was considerably higher in boys than in girls. The children were stratified into three risk categories according to AIP, where 13.8 % of boys and 5.3 % of girls fell into high risk category. The monitored biomarkers may complement each other in the prognosis of CM risk. AIP was strongly related to obesity and to lipid and glycid metabolism, while the relationship of the apoB/apoAI ratio to obesity and glycid metabolism was not significant. The obese children benefited from the intensive lifestyle intervention which improved the anthropometrical and biochemical parameters and CM risk biomarkers.

• MeSH
• apolipoprotein A-I analýza   MeSH
• apolipoproteiny B analýza   MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• hodnocení rizik metody   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nadváha metabolismus   rehabilitace   MeSH
• obezita metabolismus   rehabilitace   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• životní styl * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• apolipoprotein A-I MeSH
• apolipoproteiny B MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH

We assessed association between novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and conventional factors in 40 years old subjects (208 men and 266 women) from the general population of Slovakia. FER(HDL) (cholesterol esterification rate in HDL plasma), AIP--Atherogenic Index of Plasma [Log(TG/HDL-C)] as markers of lipoprotein particle size, and CILP2, FTO and MLXIPL polymorphisms, were examined in relation to biomarkers and conventional risk factors. Univariate analyses confirmed correlation between AIP, FER(HDL) and the most of measured parameters. Relations between AIP and CILP2, FTO and MLXIPL were not significant. However, CILP2 was significantly related to FER(HDL) in both genders. In multivariate analysis BMI was the strongest correlate of AIP levels. In multivariate model variability of FER(HDL) was best explained by AIP (R(2) = 0.55) in both genders with still significant effect of CILP2 SNP in men. In a model where AIP was omitted, TG levels explained 43 % of the FER(HDL) variability in men, while in women HDL-C was the major determinant (42 %). In conclusions, FER(HDL) and AIP related to the known markers of cardiovascular risk provide means to express their subtle interactions by one number. Our novel finding of association between CILP2 polymorphism and FER(HDL) supports its role in lipid metabolism.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• esterifikace MeSH
• extracelulární matrix - proteiny genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol krev   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci koronárních tepen krev   epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• pyrofosfatasy genetika   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• CILP protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• extracelulární matrix - proteiny MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• pyrofosfatasy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Various indices have been used for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a logarithmically transformed ratio of molar concentrations of triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol. The strong correlation of AIP with lipoprotein particle size may explain its high predictive value. Here we summarize data on AIP calculated in 8394 subjects from 6 population and clinical studies. RESULTS: AIP values increase with increasing CV risk. Thus umbilical cord, young children, healthy women have values below 0.1 while men and subjects with CV risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia have increasing values up to 0.4. Based on these data we suggest that AIP values of -0.3 to 0.1 are associated with low, 0.1 to 0.24 with medium and above 0.24 with high CV risk. In the population study men had higher AIP values than women. In a cohort undergoing coronary angiography AIP, in model that included age, BMI, waist circumference, type 2. DM, blood pressure, smoking, TG, TC, LDL-C, apoB, HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C, AIP was the best predictor of positive findings. AIP was also a highly sensitive marker of differences of lipoprotein profiles in families of patients with premature myocardial infarction and control families. Treatment with ciprofibrate, and combination of statin and niacin dramatically decreased AIP. Combination with hypoglycemic therapy that included pioglitazone decreased AIP in patiens with type 2. diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: AIP can be easily calculated from standard lipid profile. As a marker of lipoprotein particle size it adds predictive value beyond that of the individual lipids, and/or TC/HDL-C ratio.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza krev   MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol krev   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• triglyceridy MeSH

Particle size of low density (LDL) and high density (HDL) lipoproteins and cholesterol esterification rate in HDL plasma (FER(HDL)) are important independent predictors of coronary artery diseases (CAD). In this study we assessed the interrelations between these indicators and routinely examined plasma lipid parameters and plasma glucose concentrations. In 141 men, healthy volunteers, we examined plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL and LDL cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C) and HDL unesterified cholesterol (HDL-UC). Particle size distribution in HDL and LDL was assessed by gradient gel electrophoresis and FER(HDL) was estimated by radioassay. An effect of particle size and FER(HDL) on atherogenic indexes as the Log(TG/HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C was evaluated. Subjects in the study had plasma concentrations (mean +/- S.D.) of TC 5.2+/-0.9 mmol/l, HDL-C 1.2+/-0.3 mmol/l, TG 2.1+/-1.7 mmol/l, glucose 5+/-0.8 mmol/l. Relative concentration of HDL(2b) was 17.6+/-11.5 % and 14.6+/-11.8 % of HDL(3b,c). The mean diameter of LDL particles was 25.8+/-1.5 nm. The increase in FER(HDL) significantly correlated with the decrease in HDL(2b) and LDL particle size (r = -0.537 and -0.583, respectively, P<0.01) and the increase in HDL(3b,c) (0.473, P<0.01). Strong interrelations among TG and HDL-C or HDL-UC and FER(HDL) and particle size were found, but TC or LDL-C did not have such an effect. Atherogenic indexes Log(TG/HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C correlated with FER(HDL) (0.827 and 0.750, respectively, P<0.0001) and with HDL and LDL particle size.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• estery cholesterolu krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipoproteiny HDL krev   MeSH
• lipoproteiny LDL krev   MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estery cholesterolu MeSH
• lipoproteiny HDL MeSH
• lipoproteiny LDL MeSH

The objective of the study was to assess the association between plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and the presence of angiographically defined coronary artery disease (aCAD). Patients (346 men and 184 women) undergoing selective coronary angiography (SCA) were classified into groups with positive [aCAD(+)] and negative [aCAD(-)] findings and their age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, smoking, plasma total, LDL-, HDL-cholesterol (TC, LDL-C, HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein B (apoB), Log(TG/HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C were determined. Concentration of plasma Lp(a) was estimated using the commercial solid phase two-side immunoradiometric assay of apolipoprotein apo(a). The plasma Lp(a) was significantly higher in both women and men with aCAD(+) compared to those with aCAD(-). While there was no significant difference in the Lp(a) level between men and women with aCAD(-) (median 138 vs. 145 units/l), the women with aCAD(+) had almost twice as high Lp(a) levels as men (median 442 vs. 274 units/l, p<0.001). Women with aCAD(+) had also significantly lower HDL cholesterol levels (1.09 vs. 1.20 mmol/l, p<0.05), higher triglycerides (1.82 vs. 1.46 mmol/l, p<0.05) and Log(TG/HDL-C) than women with aCAD(-). The differences in Lp(a) between positive and negative findings remained highly significant (p<0.001 in women, p<0.05 in men) after the adjustment for age, plasma HDL- and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in logistic regression analyses. In logistic regression model the Lp(a) and Log(TG/HDL-C) and smoking in women but smoking and age in men were the most powerful predictors of positive aCAD findings. Our findings suggest that Lp(a) is more strongly associated with aCAD+ in women than in men.

• MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik metody   MeSH
• koronární angiografie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipoprotein (a) krev   MeSH
• nemoci koronárních tepen krev   diagnostické zobrazování   epidemiologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• věkové rozložení MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Britská Kolumbie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• lipoprotein (a) MeSH

BACKGROUND: An inverse relationship between moderate alcohol use and coronary heart disease was found in various countries. Aims of the study were to find out whether drinking of moravian white wine will have the same effect on lipoproteins and fibrinogen as described in foreign wines. Blood pressure, body mass, blood glucose and a hepatic enzyme were also measured before and after drinking. METHODS AND RESULTS: Drinking of the Moravian white wine (vintage 1999; alcohol 11.48 vol %) was studied in 50 men aged 44.4 (SD 9.25) years. Drinking of 350 ml (40.2 g of alcohol) every evening for four weeks without any change of dietary factors followed in 45 men by statistically significant increase in HDL cholesterol from 1.17 to 1.25 mmol/l (p < 0.001) and free HDL cholesterol from 0.17 to 0.20 mmol/l (p < 0.0001) and highly significant (p < 0.00001) decrease in plasma fibrinogen level from 3.77 to 3.35 g/l. Nor triglycerides, or blood glucose and BMI were changed after increasing source of carbohydrates in wine. Mean systolic blood pressure of 123.4 mmHg did not change and diastolic blood pressure decreased insignificantly from 78.0 to 76.7 mmHg. Minimal decrease of ALT from 0.60 to 0.59 mukat/l disproved any hepatic disturbance. CONCLUSIONS: Everynight moderate drinking of Moravian white wine has similar beneficial effect as consumption of foreign alcohol drinks.

• MeSH
• arterioskleróza prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fibrinogen analýza   MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol krev   MeSH
• hemokoagulace * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipoproteiny krev   MeSH
• víno * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fibrinogen MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• lipoproteiny MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if logarithm of the ratio of plasma concentration of triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol (Log[TG/HDL-C]) correlates with cholesterol esterification rates in apoB-lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FER(HDL)) and lipoprotein particle size. DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed previous data dealing with the parameters related to the FER(HDL) (an indirect measure of lipoprotein particle size). In a total of 1433 subjects from 35 cohorts with various risk of atherosclerosis (cord plasma, children, healthy men and women, pre- and postmenopausal women, patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and patients with positive or negative angiography findings) were studied. RESULTS: The analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.803) between FER(HDL) and Log(TG/HDL-C). This parameter, which we propose to call "atherogenic index of plasma" (AIP) directly related to the risk of atherosclerosis in the above cohorts. We also confirmed in a cohort of 35 normal subjects a significant inverse correlation of LDL size with FER(HDL) (r = -0.818) and AIP (r = -0.776). CONCLUSION: Values of AIP correspond closely to those of FER(HDL) and to lipoprotein particle size and thus could be used as a marker of plasma atherogenicity.

• MeSH
• arterioskleróza krev   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• cholesterol chemie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol krev   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipoproteiny chemie   MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• cholesterol MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• lipoproteiny MeSH
• triglyceridy MeSH

In this study we compared several parameters characterizing differences in the lipoprotein profile between members of families with a positive or negative family history of coronary artery disease (CAD). In addition to regular parameters such as the body mass index (BMI), total plasma cholesterol (TC), low density (LDL-C) and high density (HDL-C) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) we estimated the fractional esterification rate of cholesterol in apoB lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FER(HDL)) which reflects HDL and LDL particle size distribution. A prevalence of smaller particles for the atherogenic profile of plasma lipoproteins is typical. Log (TG/HDL-C) as a newly established atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was calculated and correlated with other parameters. The cohort in the study consisted of 29 young (< 54 years old) male survivors of myocardial infarction (MI), their spouses and at least one offspring (MI group; n=116). The control group consisted of 29 apparently healthy men with no family history of premature CAD in three generations, their spouses and at least one offspring (control group; n=124). MI families had significantly higher BMI than the controls, with the exception of spouses. Plasma TC did not significantly differ between MI and the controls. MI spouses had significantly higher TG. Higher LDL-C had MI survivors only, while lower HDL-C had both MI survivors and their spouses compared to the controls. FER(HDL) was significantly higher in all the MI subgroups (probands 25.85+/-1.22, spouses 21.55+/-2.05, their daughters 16.93+/-1.18 and sons 19.05+/-1.33 %/h) compared to their respective controls (men 20.80+/-1.52, spouses 14.70+/-0.98, daughters 13.23+/-0.74, sons 15.7+/-0.76 %/h, p<0.01 to p<0.05). Log(TG/HDL-C) ranged from negative values in control subjects to positive values in MI probands. High correlation between FER(HDL) and Log (TG/HDL-C) (r=0.80, p<0.0001) confirmed close interactions among TG, HDL-C and cholesterol esterification rate. The finding of significantly higher values of FER(HDL) and Log (TG/HDL-C) indicate higher incidence of atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in members of MI families. The possibility that, in addition to genetic factors, a shared environment likely contributes to the familial aggregation of CAD risk factors is supported by a significant correlation of the FER(HDL) values within spousal pairs (control pairs: r=0.51 p<0.01, MI pairs: r=0.41 p<0.05).

• MeSH
• apolipoproteiny B krev   MeSH
• arterioskleróza krev   etiologie   genetika   MeSH
• cholesterol krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• estery cholesterolu krev   MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol krev   MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• infarkt myokardu krev   genetika   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• koronární nemoc krev   etiologie   genetika   MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipoproteiny HDL krev   MeSH
• lipoproteiny LDL krev   MeSH
• lipoproteiny krev   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• apolipoproteiny B MeSH
• cholesterol MeSH
• estery cholesterolu MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol MeSH
• lipoproteiny HDL MeSH
• lipoproteiny LDL MeSH
• lipoproteiny MeSH
• triglyceridy MeSH

The fractional esterification rate of cholesterol in apolipoprotein B (apoB)-depleted plasma (FER(HDL)) is a good indicator of particle size distribution in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). However, there has been a discrepancy in the absolute values of FER(HDL) published by different laboratories. Because the main difference between the methods was in the labeling of lipoproteins with [(3)H]cholesterol we investigated the effect of using Corning immunoplates and paper discs as carriers of the labeled unesterified cholesterol. We found that Corning plates trap some (3)H-labeled free cholesterol, which is released during incubation at 37 degrees C. This means that this additional (3)H-labeled free cholesterol is exposed to lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) for a shorter time and artificially decreases FER(HDL). Using paper discs discarded before incubation as carriers of the (3)H-labeled free cholesterol results in complete labeling of HDL and thus yields higher values of FER(HDL).

• MeSH
• apolipoproteiny B krev   nedostatek   MeSH
• cholesterol krev   MeSH
• esterifikace MeSH
• estery cholesterolu krev   MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol krev   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• lecitincholesterolacyltransferasa krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipoproteiny krev   MeSH
• tritium * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• apolipoproteiny B MeSH
• cholesterol MeSH
• estery cholesterolu MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• lecitincholesterolacyltransferasa MeSH
• lipoproteiny MeSH
• tritium * MeSH