OBJECTIVE: Antineoplastic drugs (ADs) pose risks to healthcare staff. Surface disinfectants are used in hospitals to prevent microbial contamination but the efficiency of disinfectants to degrade ADs is not known. We studied nine disinfectants on ten ADs in the standardized laboratory and realistic in situ hospital conditions. METHODS: A survey in 43 hospitals prioritized nine most commonly used disinfections based on different ingredients. These were tested on inert stainless steel and in situ on contaminated hospital flooring. The effects against ten ADs were studied by LC-MS/MS (Cyclophosphamide CP; Ifosfamide IF; Capecitabine CAP; Sunitinib SUN; Methotrexate MET; Doxorubicin DOX; Irinotecan IRI; Paclitaxel PX; 5-Fluorouracil FU) and ICP-MS (Pt as a marker of platinum-based ADs). RESULTS: Monitoring of the floor contamination in 26 hospitals showed that the most contaminated are the outpatient clinics that suffer from a large turnover of staff and patients and have limited preventive measures. The most frequent ADs were Pt, PX, FU and CP with maxima exceeding the recommended 1 ng/cm2 limit by up to 140 times. IRI, FU, MET, DOX and SUN were efficiently removed by hydrolysis in clean water and present thus lower occupational risk. Disinfectants based on hydrogen peroxide were efficient against PX and FU (> 70% degradation) but less against other ADs, such as carcinogenic CP or IF, IRI and CAP. The most efficient were the active chlorine and peracetic acid-based products, which however release irritating toxic vapors. The innovative in situ testing of ADs previously accumulated in hospital flooring showed highly problematic removal of carcinogenic CP and showed that alcohol-based disinfectants may mobilize persistent ADs contamination from deeper floor layers. CONCLUSION: Agents based on hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium salts, glutaraldehyde, glucoprotamine or detergents can be recommended for daily use for both disinfection and AD decontamination. However, they have variable efficiencies and should be supplemented by periodic use of strong chlorine-based disinfectants efficient also against the carcinogenic and persistent CP.

• Klíčová slova
• Antineoplastic drugs, Disinfectants, Hazardous drugs, Occupational exposure, Surface contamination,
• MeSH
• dekontaminace metody   MeSH
• detergenty MeSH
• dezinficiencia * MeSH
• diaminy MeSH
• glutaraldehyd MeSH
• kontaminace zdravotnického vybavení MeSH
• kvartérní amoniové sloučeniny MeSH
• kyselina peroctová MeSH
• laboratoře MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• nerezavějící ocel MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• podlahy a podlahové krytiny MeSH
• protinádorové látky * MeSH
• pyrrolidinony MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• detergenty MeSH
• dezinficiencia * MeSH
• diaminy MeSH
• glucoprotamine MeSH Prohlížeč
• glutaraldehyd MeSH
• kvartérní amoniové sloučeniny MeSH
• kyselina peroctová MeSH
• nerezavějící ocel MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• protinádorové látky * MeSH
• pyrrolidinony MeSH

Traffic signs are an integral part of the traffic control plan and they provide road users with necessary information on the upcoming situation. This paper aims to examine the level of understanding of traffic sign imagery used in different countries and to track participants' eye movement when they encounter unfamiliar signs. Tobii eye tracking glasses were used to track gaze differences between familiar and unfamiliar traffic signs. Our findings show that sign characteristics (such as the amount of information on the sign) and the observer's knowledge of the sign meaning have a significant impact on eye behaviour. Signs containing more information (loaded with more content) and unfamiliar to the participant systematically produced the longest overall and average fixations and gazing duration. Given that longer gaze time for unfamiliar traffic signs presents a potential traffic hazard, we evaluated the need for standardization of traffic signs.

• Klíčová slova
• Cross-cultural, Eye tracking, Traffic safety, Traffic sign,
• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezinárodní spolupráce MeSH
• oční fixace fyziologie   MeSH
• orientační tabule a značení normy   MeSH
• pohyby očí fyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost MeSH
• řízení motorových vozidel psychologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• technologie sledování pohybu očí MeSH
• znalosti MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Profile data on normal lower limb development and specifically tibiofemoral angle development in black, Setswana-speaking South African children are lacking. This study aimed to provide profiles on the development of the tibiofemoral angle, hip anteversion angle and tibial torsion angles in two- to nine-year-old children. Measurements of the tibiofemoral angle, intercondylar distances or intermalleolar distances, quadriceps-angle, hip anteversion- and tibial torsion angle were clinically obtained from 691 healthy two- to nine-year-old children. Two-year-old children presented with closest to genu varum at -3.4° (±3.4°). At three years, a peak of -5.7° (±2.3°) genu valgum was seen, which plateaued at -4.5° (±2.1°) at age nine years. Intermalleolar distance results support tibiofemoral angle observations. Small quadricep-angles were observed in the two-year-old group, (-3.81° ± 3.77°), which increased to a mean peak of -9.2° (±4.4°) in nine-year-olds. From the age of four years old, children presented with neutral tibial torsion angles, whilst two- and three-year-olds presented with internal tibial torsion angles. Anteversion angles were the greatest in three-year-olds at 77.6° ± 13.8° and decreased to a mean angle of 70.8° ± 6.9° in nine-year-olds. The tibiofemoral angle developed similarly to those tested in European, Asian and Nigerian children, but anteversion- and internal tibial torsion angles were greater in the Setswana population than angles reported in European children. Our findings indicate that lower limb development differs in different environments and traditions of back-carrying may influence the development, which requires further investigation.

• Klíčová slova
• hip anteversion angle, lower limb development, quadriceps-angle, tibiofemoral angle,
• MeSH
• Asijci MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• femur * růst a vývoj   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• tibie * růst a vývoj   MeSH
• vnitřní vybavení a bytové zařízení MeSH
• vývoj dítěte MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jihoafrická republika MeSH

Due to the presence of toxic pollutants, soils in former military areas need remedial actions with environmentally friendly methods. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the aided phytostabilization of multi-heavy metals (HMs), i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, in post-military soil by Festuca rubra and three mineral amendments (diatomite, dolomite and halloysite). The amendments were applied at 0 and 3.0% to each pot filled with 5 kg of polluted soil. After seven weeks of the phytostabilization, selected soil properties, biomass yield of F. rubra and immobilization of HMs by their accumulation in plant and redistribution among individual fractions in soil were determined. In addition, ecotoxicology parameters of non-amended and amended soil were established using Phytotoxkit (Sinapsis alba) and Ostracodtoxkit (Heterocypris incongruens) tests. The addition of halloysite significantly increased F. rubra biomass. Diatomite significantly increased both the Cd, Cu, Pb and Cr concentrations in the roots and the pH of the soil. The application of halloysite significantly decreased the Cd and Zn contents of the soil after the completion of the experiment. Dolomite and halloysite were more effective in HM immobilization in soil by decreasing their content in an exchangeable fraction than diatomite. These soil amendments significantly differentiated the length of S. alba roots and had a positive effect on the development of H. incongruens.

• Klíčová slova
• Ecotoxicological tests, Festuca rubra, Metal fractionation, Metal immobilization,
• MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• Festuca chemie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• hořčík chemie   MeSH
• jíl chemie   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• těžké kovy analýza   MeSH
• uhličitan vápenatý chemie   MeSH
• vojenská zařízení * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• calcium magnesium carbonate MeSH Prohlížeč
• hořčík MeSH
• jíl MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• půda MeSH
• těžké kovy MeSH
• uhličitan vápenatý MeSH

Early in the Ptolemaic era, Egyptian cults, particularly those of Isis and Sarapis, spread successfully to ports across the ancient Aegean Sea. Leading researchers in the field claim that the spread of these cults was influenced by multiple factors, ones that were mainly economic or political in character. However, the question of which factors had more weight or impact than others in the process of the early spread of Egyptian cults has not yet been answered in academic discussion. This could be related to the fact that the issue of the spread of religious innovations in the ancient Mediterranean has been addressed mainly by established historiographical methods such as the collection and critical analysis of archaeological and literary sources. Hypotheses and conclusions derived from these methods are, however, often unable to reflect the complexity of historical processes. A possible solution can be found in supplementing this established methodological apparatus by formalized methods, e.g. the coding of relevant datasets, statistics, geospatial modeling, and network analysis. To be able to compare the possible impacts of different factors on the spread of Egyptian cults in the Aegean Sea region, we 1) constructed a model of the ancient maritime transportation network as a platform for quantitative analysis, 2) transformed selected factors of possible influence into georeferenced parameters of the network, and 3) defined a mathematical model that allowed us to determine which parameters of the network explain the spatial dissemination of archaeological evidence connected to Egyptian cults. The results suggest that the most significant correlation is between the placement of Ptolemaic garrisons and the distribution of Egyptian temples and artefacts in the early Hellenistic Aegean Sea region. The interpretation would be that Egyptian military forces potentially played a significant role in the spread of Egyptian cults.

• MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• kultura * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lodě MeSH
• migrace lidstva MeSH
• náboženství dějiny   MeSH
• ostrovy MeSH
• ozbrojené síly MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• vedení války MeSH
• vojenská zařízení dějiny   MeSH
• zásobování potravinami dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• ostrovy MeSH
• starověký Egypt MeSH
• Středozemní moře MeSH

This work presents research on the neutralization of asbestos banned from military use and its conversion to usable products. The studies showed that asbestos can be decomposed by the use of phosphoric acid. The process proved very effective when the phosphoric acid concentration was 30%, the temperature was 90°C and the reaction time 60min. Contrary to the common asbestos treatment method that consists of landfilling, the proposed process ensures elimination of the harmful properties of this waste material and its transformation into inert substances. The obtained products include calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate and silica. Chemical, microscopic and X-ray analyses proved that the products are free of harmful fibers and can be, in particular, utilized for fertilizers production. The obtained results may contribute to development of an asbestos utilization technique that fits well into the European waste policy, regulated by the EU waste management law.

• Klíčová slova
• Asbestos, Health hazard, Military waste disposal, X-ray analysis,
• MeSH
• azbest chemie   MeSH
• difrakce rentgenového záření MeSH
• kyseliny fosforečné MeSH
• nakládání s odpady metody   MeSH
• odpadní produkty analýza   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• vojenská zařízení * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• azbest MeSH
• kyseliny fosforečné MeSH
• odpadní produkty MeSH
• phosphoric acid MeSH Prohlížeč

The aim of this review is to evaluate the health and social effects of accessible home environments for people with functional limitations, in order to provide evidence to promote well-informed decision making for policy guideline development and choices about public health interventions. MEDLINE and nine other electronic databases were searched between December 2014 and January 2015, for articles published since 2004. All study types were included in this review. Two reviewers independently screened 12,544 record titles or titles and abstracts based on our pre-defined eligibility criteria. We identified 94 articles as potentially eligible; and assessed their full text. Included studies were critically appraised using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool, version 2011. Fourteen studies were included in the review. We did not identify any meta-analysis or systematic review directly relevant to the question for this systematic review. A narrative approach was used to synthesise the findings of the included studies due to methodological and statistical heterogeneity. Results suggest that certain interventions to enhance the accessibility of homes can have positive health and social effects. Home environments that lack accessibility modifications appropriate to the needs of their users are likely to result in people with physical impairments becoming disabled at home.

• Klíčová slova
• International Classification of Functioning, activities of daily living, architectural accessibility, disability and health,
• MeSH
• architektonická přístupnost * MeSH
• bydlení * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• omezení pohyblivosti * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

In more than 1500 schools and preschool facilities, long-term radon measurement was carried out in the last 3 y. The negative effect of thermal retrofitting on the resulting long-term radon averages is evident. In some of the facilities, low ventilation rates and correspondingly high radon levels were found, so it was recommended to change ventilation habits. However, some of the facilities had high radon levels due to its ingress from soil gas. Technical measures should be undertaken to reduce radon exposure in this case. The paper presents the long-term experiences with the two-stage measurement methodology for investigation of radon levels in school and preschool facilities and its possible improvements.

• MeSH
• difuze MeSH
• monitorování radiace metody   MeSH
• pohyb vzduchu MeSH
• projektování a výstavba zařízení MeSH
• radiační expozice MeSH
• radiační pozadí * MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   normy   MeSH
• radiometrie metody   MeSH
• radon analýza   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• školy * normy   MeSH
• větrání MeSH
• vytápění MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• radon MeSH

The influence of energy-saving measures on indoor radon concentration has been studied on the basis of a family house made of clinker concrete wall panels containing from 1000 up to 4000 Bq kg(-1) of 226Ra. Thermal retrofitting based on installing external thermal insulation composite system on the building envelope and replacing existing windows by new ones decreased the annual energy need for heating 2.8 times, but also reduced the ventilation rate to values<0.1 h(-1). As a consequence, the 1-y average indoor radon concentration values increased 3.4 times from 337 to 1117 Bq m(-3). The additional risk of lung cancer in the thermally retrofitted house increased to a value that is 125 % higher than before conversion. Methods for dealing with this enhanced risk by increasing the ventilation rate are discussed. Recovery of investments and the energy consequences of increased ventilation are studied in a long-term perspective.

• MeSH
• bydlení * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování radiace normy   MeSH
• projektování a výstavba zařízení normy   MeSH
• radiační ochrana normy   MeSH
• radioaktivní znečišťující látky škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• radon škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• větrání MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí analýza   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• radioaktivní znečišťující látky MeSH
• radon MeSH

A brief report on the development of novel apparatus is presented. It was verified in a commercial scale that a new concept of anaerobic fermentation followed by continuous pyrolysis is technically and economically feasible to manage previously enzymatically hydrolyzed waste haylage in huge volumes. The design of the concept is thoroughly described, documented in figures, and biochemically analyzed in detail. Assessment of the concept shows that subsequent pyrolysis of the anaerobically fermented residue allows among biogas to produce also high-quality biochar. This significantly improves the overall economy. In addition, it may be assumed that this applied research is consistent with previous theoretical assumptions stating that any kind of aerobic or anaerobic fermentation increases the microporosity of the biochar obtained.

• MeSH
• anaerobní bakterie fyziologie   MeSH
• biopaliva MeSH
• bioreaktory MeSH
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• lipnicovité * MeSH
• nakládání s odpady ekonomika   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• projektování a výstavba zařízení MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biochar MeSH Prohlížeč
• biopaliva MeSH
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí MeSH