The evolution of endothermy in vertebrates is a major research topic in recent decades that has been tackled by a myriad of research disciplines including paleontology, anatomy, physiology, evolutionary and developmental biology. The ability of most mammals to maintain a relatively constant and high body temperature is considered a key adaptation, enabling them to successfully colonize new habitats and harsh environments. It has been proposed that in mammals the anterior nasal cavity, which houses the maxilloturbinal, plays a pivotal role in body temperature maintenance, via a bony system supporting an epithelium involved in heat and moisture conservation. The presence and the relative size of the maxilloturbinal has been proposed to reflect the endothermic conditions and basal metabolic rate in extinct vertebrates. We show that there is no evidence to relate the origin of endothermy and the development of some turbinal bones by using a comprehensive dataset of µCT-derived maxilloturbinals spanning most mammalian orders. Indeed, we demonstrate that neither corrected basal metabolic rate nor body temperature significantly correlate with the relative surface area of the maxilloturbinal. Instead, we identify important variations in the relative surface area, morpho-anatomy, and complexity of the maxilloturbinal across the mammalian phylogeny and species ecology.

• MeSH
• aklimatizace * MeSH
• bazální metabolismus MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• savci * MeSH
• tělesná teplota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

African mole-rats (Bathyergidae) are strictly subterranean rodents distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the soil layer provides a temperature buffer, the temperature in their burrows is usually below their thermoneutral zone and thermogenesis is necessary to maintain a stable body temperature. In social bathyergids, an important mechanism for decreasing the thermoregulatory cost is social thermoregulation in the form of huddling. The effect of huddling may be of special importance during forming of a new family as only two adults are present and social species are known for higher heat losses from their bodies compared to solitary mole-rats. In our study, we measured the resting metabolic rate and energetic saving in three social bathyergid species which differ in body size. We compared animals that were housed individually and in pairs at two different ambient temperatures (Ta). At a temperature within their TNZ (Ta = 30 °C), no energetic savings were expected, whereas in Ta = 20 °C we expected energetic savings due to huddling. We found no energetic savings at 30 °C in any of the species, but almost 20% in the two small bodied Fukomys species F. micklemi and F. anselli at 20 °C. In the largest species, F. mechowii, no significant energetic savings were observed. Our results confirm the importance of huddling for the energetic balance of social mole-rats and show that huddling with one partner can bring substantial energetic savings, which can be allocated to other activities such as extension of established burrow systems or reproduction to increase the workforce and fulfill the purpose of dispersal.

• Klíčová slova
• African mole-rats, Energetics, Fukomys, Huddling, Thermoregulation,
• MeSH
• bazální metabolismus MeSH
• mikroftalmičtí podzemní hlodavci * MeSH
• termogeneze MeSH
• termoregulace * MeSH
• velikost těla MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The use of energy is universal to all life forms and all levels of biological organization, potentially linking processes operating at variable scales. Individual and species ranges might be energetically constrained, yet divergent metabolic limitations at both scales can disassociate these individual and species traits. We analysed comparative energetic and range data to unravel the mechanistic basis of the dissociation between individual and species range sizes observed among mammalian species. Our results demonstrate that basal, or maintenance, metabolism negatively correlates with individual ranges, but, at the same time, it positively correlates with species ranges. High aerobic capacity, i.e. maximum metabolic rate, positively correlates with individual ranges, but it is weakly related to species range size. These antagonistic energetic constraints on both ranges could lead to a disassociation between individual and species traits and to a low covariation between home and species range sizes. We show that important organismal functions, such as basal and maximum metabolic rates, have the potential to unravel mechanisms operating at different levels of biological organization and to expose links between energy-dependent processes at different scales.

• Klíčová slova
• aerobic capacity, basal metabolic rate, geographical range, home range, mammals, maximum metabolic rate,
• MeSH
• bazální metabolismus MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• savci * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Metformin can reduce cardiovascular risk independent of glycemic control. The mechanisms behind its non-glycemic benefits, which include decreased energy intake, lower blood pressure and improved lipid and fatty acid metabolism, are not fully understood. In our study, metformin treatment reduced myocardial accumulation of neutral lipids-triglycerides, cholesteryl esters and the lipotoxic intermediates-diacylglycerols and lysophosphatidylcholines in a prediabetic rat model (p < 0.001). We observed an association between decreased gene expression and SCD-1 activity (p < 0.05). In addition, metformin markedly improved phospholipid fatty acid composition in the myocardium, represented by decreased SFA profiles and increased n3-PUFA profiles. Known for its cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, metformin also had positive effects on arachidonic acid metabolism and CYP-derived arachidonic acid metabolites. We also found an association between increased gene expression of the cardiac isoform CYP2c with increased 14,15-EET (p < 0.05) and markedly reduced 20-HETE (p < 0.001) in the myocardium. Based on these results, we conclude that metformin treatment reduces the lipogenic enzyme SCD-1 and the accumulation of the lipotoxic intermediates diacylglycerols and lysophosphatidylcholine. Increased CYP2c gene expression and beneficial effects on CYP-derived arachidonic acid metabolites in the myocardium can also be involved in cardioprotective effect of metformin.

• Klíčová slova
• arachidonic acid, cytochrome P450, fatty acid profile, lipotoxic intermediates, metformin, myocardial function, myocardial phospholipids, stearoyl-CoA desaturase,
• MeSH
• bazální metabolismus účinky léků   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• desaturasy mastných kyselin metabolismus   MeSH
• hyperlipoproteinemie typ IV farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• hypoglykemika farmakologie   MeSH
• kardiotonika farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• kyselina arachidonová metabolismus   MeSH
• mediátory zánětu krev   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• metformin farmakologie   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myokard metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• prediabetes farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• srdce účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• desaturasy mastných kyselin MeSH
• hypoglykemika MeSH
• kardiotonika MeSH
• kyselina arachidonová MeSH
• mediátory zánětu MeSH
• metformin MeSH

PURPOSE: Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a large family of endogenous bioactive lipids. To date, most of the studied FAHFAs are branched regioisomers of Palmitic Acid Hydroxyl Stearic Acid (PAHSA) that were reported to possess anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity in humans and rodents. Recently, we have demonstrated that 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA intake increased basal metabolism and enhanced insulin sensitivity in healthy control diet-fed mice but induced liver damage in some mice. The present work aims to explore whether a long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA may have similar effects in obesogenic diet-fed mice. METHODS: C57Bl6 mice were fed with a control or high fat-high sugar (HFHS) diets for 12 weeks. The HFHS diet was supplemented or not with 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA. Whole-body metabolism was explored. Glucose and lipid metabolism as well as mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress status were analyzed. RESULTS: As expected, the intake of HFHS diet led to obesity and lower insulin sensitivity with minor effects on liver parameters. The long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA modulated favorably the basal metabolism and improved insulin sensitivity as measured by insulin tolerance test. On the contrary to what we have reported previously in healthy mice, no marked effect for these FAHFAs was observed on liver metabolism of obese diabetic mice. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that both 9-PAHPA and 9-OAHPA may have interesting insulin-sensitizing effects in obese mice with lower insulin sensitivity.

• Klíčová slova
• Basal metabolism, FAHFA, Insulin sensitivity, Liver steatosis, Mitochondria, Oxidative stress mice,
• MeSH
• bazální metabolismus MeSH
• experimentální diabetes mellitus * metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulin metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence * MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• inzulin MeSH

Resting metabolic rate (RMR), i.e. spent energy necessary to maintain basic life functions, is a basic component of energy budget in ectotherms. The evolution of RMR through natural selection rests on the premise of its non-zero repeatability and heritability, i.e. consistent variation within individual lifetimes and resemblance between parents and their offspring, respectively. Joint estimates of RMR repeatability and heritability are missing in ectotherms, however, which precludes estimations of the evolutionary potential of this trait. We examined RMR repeatability and heritability in a long-lived ectotherm, the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris). Individual RMR was repeatable over both six-month (0.28 ± 0.09 [SE]) and five-year (0.16 ± 0.07) periods. While there was no resemblance between parent and offspring RMR (0.21 ± 0.34), the trait showed similarity among offspring within families (broad-sense heritability; 0.25 ± 0.09). Similar repeatability and broad-sense heritability values in parental and offspring generations, respectively, and non-conclusive narrow-sense heritability suggest the contribution of non-additive genetic factors to total phenotypic variance in this trait. We conclude that RMR evolutionary trajectories are shaped by other processes than natural selection in this long-lived ectotherm.

• Klíčová slova
• Energy metabolism, Full-sib analysis, Individual variation, Natural selection, Parent-offspring,
• MeSH
• bazální metabolismus genetika   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Salamandridae fyziologie   MeSH
• selekce (genetika) MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a new family of endogenous lipids recently discovered. Several studies reported that some FAHFAs have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of two FAHFAs, 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA, on the metabolism of mice. C57Bl/6J male mice, 6 weeks old, were divided into 3 groups of 10 mice each. One group received a control diet and the two others groups received the control diet supplemented with 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA for 12 weeks. Mouse weight and body composition were monitored throughout the study. Some days before euthanasia, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were also determined. After sacrifice, blood and organs were collected for relevant molecular, biochemical and histological analyses. Although high intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA increased basal metabolism, it had no direct effect on body weight. Interestingly, the 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA intake increased insulin sensitivity but without modifying glucose tolerance. Nevertheless, 9-PAHPA intake induced a loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Surprisingly, both studied FAHFAs induced hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in some mice, which were more marked with 9-PAHPA. Finally, a slight remodeling of white adipose tissue was also observed with 9-PAHPA intake. In conclusion, the long-term high intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA increased basal metabolism and insulin sensitivity in healthy mice. However, this effect, highly likely beneficial in a diabetic state, was accompanied by manifest liver damage in certain mice that should deserve special attention in both healthy and pathological studies.

• Klíčová slova
• FAHFA, Inflammation, Insulin sensitivity, Liver fibrosis, Liver steatosis, Mice,
• MeSH
• bazální metabolismus účinky léků   MeSH
• bílá tuková tkáň účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• glukózový toleranční test MeSH
• homeostáza MeSH
• inzulin metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence * MeSH
• jaterní cirhóza metabolismus   MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• krevní glukóza analýza   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• zánět metabolismus   MeSH
• ztučnělá játra metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• inzulin MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH

Swim-up is a sperm purification method that is being used daily in andrology labs around the world as a simple step for in vitro sperm selection. This method accumulates the most motile sperm in the upper fraction and leaves sperm with low or no motility in the lower fraction. However, the underlying reasons are not fully understood. In this article, we compare metabolic rate, motility and sperm tail length of bovine sperm cells of the upper and lower fraction. The metabolic assay platform reveals oxygen consumption rates and extracellular acidification rates simultaneously and thereby delivers the metabolic rates in real time. Our study confirms that the upper fraction of bull sperm has not only improved motility compared to the cells in the lower fraction but also shows higher metabolic rates and longer flagella. This pattern was consistent across media of two different levels of viscosity. We conclude that the motility-based separation of the swim-up technique is also reflected in underlying metabolic differences. Metabolic assays could serve as additional or alternative, label-free method to evaluate sperm quality.

• MeSH
• adenosintrifosfát biosyntéza   MeSH
• bazální metabolismus * MeSH
• bičík spermie metabolismus   MeSH
• chov MeSH
• flagella metabolismus   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• motilita spermií fyziologie   MeSH
• oxidativní fosforylace MeSH
• skot MeSH
• spermie metabolismus   MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku MeSH
• viskozita MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adenosintrifosfát MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the main part of the total body energy expenditure. The value of BMR is individual and depends on a lot of factors. The goal of the research was to discover the influence of anthropometric parameters, age and gender, on changes of the BMR values. METHODS: A total of 177 individuals of Czech Caucasian origin from South Moravia (BMI 27.3 ± 7.88 kg/m2) aged 18-55 (117 women, 60 men) were included in the study. Selected anthropometric characteristics were measured using a stadiometer (SECA 213) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (Inbody 230). BMR was measured by indirect calorimetry (Cortex Metalyzer 3B). The measured values were statistically evaluated by the regression analysis and least square method (LSM). RESULTS: From the following results that the factors that influence the BMR value statistically significantly (p < 0.05) are: age, gender, body mass index, total body water, and percent of body fat. CONCLUSION: Body fat and age have both an indirect impact on the basal metabolic rate of the Czech population in working age. However, BMI and the total body water were discovered to have a direct influence on the BMR.

• Klíčová slova
• BMI, anthropometry, basal metabolic rate, bioelectrical impedance, indirect calorimetry, percent of body fat, total body water,
• MeSH
• antropometrie MeSH
• bazální metabolismus fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrická impedance MeSH
• energetický metabolismus * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nepřímá kalorimetrie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• složení těla fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The association between energy metabolism and prognosis in polytrauma patients has not yet been defined. The aim of this study was to describe energy metabolism and analyze the prognostic value of respiratory quotient (RQ) and nonprotein respiratory quotient (npRQ) in fasting polytrauma patients (fPP) and polytrauma patients with nutritional support (nsPP). METHODS: Twenty-two polytrauma patients (before and after parenteral nutrition administration) and 22 healthy controls (after overnight fasting) were examined on day 4 (median) after admission to the intensive care unit. To evaluate energy expenditure in nsPP and resting energy expenditure in fPP and controls with RQ and npRQ in all groups, we used indirect calorimetry. With regression analysis, the descriptive models of intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) and mechanical ventilation time (VT) were derived. RESULTS: RQ and npRQ were significantly lower in fPP than in controls (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and in nsPP (P < 0.05). In nsPP, relationships between RQ or npRQ and the ICU LOS or mechanical VT were demonstrated (P < 0.0001, r = -0.78 for RQ and VT; P < 0.0001, r = -0.78 for npRQ and VT; P < 0.001, r = -0.69 for RQ and LOS; P < 0.001, r = -0.72 for npRQ and LOS). CONCLUSIONS: RQ and npRQ parameters measured by indirect calorimetry in polytrauma patients with parenteral nutrition on the fourth day of ICU stay related to clinical outcomes such as duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU LOS.

• Klíčová slova
• Duration of mechanical ventilation, Energy expenditure, Energy metabolism, ICU length of stay, Indirect calorimetry, Intensive care unit,
• MeSH
• bazální metabolismus MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• délka pobytu statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nepřímá kalorimetrie metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• omezení příjmu potravy MeSH
• parenterální výživa statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• polytrauma patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• respirační funkční testy metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• umělé dýchání statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH