BACKGROUND: Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are food-borne parasites of global importance. In eastern Europe only fragmented information is available on the epidemiology of these zoonotic parasites in humans and animal populations. In particular for T. solium, on-going transmission is suspected. The aim of this systematic review was to collect the available data and describe the current knowledge on the epidemiology of T. solium and T. saginata in eastern Europe. METHODS: Literature published in international databases from 1990 to 2017 was systematically reviewed. Furthermore, local sources and unpublished data from national databases were retrieved from local eastern European experts. The study area included 22 countries. RESULTS: Researchers from 18 out of the 22 countries provided data from local and unpublished sources, while no contacts could be established with researchers from Belarus, Kosovo, Malta and Ukraine. Taeniosis and human cysticercosis cases were reported in 14 and 15 out of the 22 countries, respectively. Estonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia reported cases of porcine cysticercosis. Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine reported bovine cysticercosis. CONCLUSIONS: There is indication that taeniosis and cysticercosis are present across eastern Europe but information on the occurrence of T. solium and T. saginata across the region remains incomplete. Available data are scarce and species identification is in most cases absent. Given the public health impact of T. solium and the potential economic and trade implications due to T. saginata, notification of taeniosis and human cysticercosis should be implemented and surveillance and notification systems in animals should be improved.

• Klíčová slova
• Bovine, Eastern Europe, Epidemiology, Neurocysticercosis, Porcine, Taenia saginata, Taenia solium,
• MeSH
• cysticerkóza epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci prasat epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• nemoci skotu epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• neurocysticercosis epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• prasata parazitologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• skot MeSH
• Taenia saginata fyziologie   MeSH
• Taenia solium fyziologie   MeSH
• tenióza epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• východní Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

Using a small animal imaging system, migratory activity of Toxocara canis larvae stained by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) was observed post primary infection (PPI) and post reinfection (PR) of BALB/c mice. Each infection was performed with 1,000 larvae per mouse. Primary infections were performed with labeled larvae, while for challenge infections the reinfecting larvae were stained by CFSE. The worm burden in mouse organs was determined during a period from 6 h to 21 days and 4 months PPI and PR. In comparison with primary infections that led to the first larvae appearance in the brain after 60 h, greatly accelerated migration of the parasites administered 3 weeks PPI to the CNS and eyes of challenged mice was noted-in both organs the larvae appeared 6 h PR. In all challenged mice, reinfecting larvae prevailed in the resident parasite population. Preliminary experiments with Toxocara cati larvae also revealed early brain involvement in primarily infected mice. Staining of T. canis larvae by CFSE had no effect on the development of a humoral antibody response against T. canis excretory-secretory antigens. In ELISA, elevated levels of specific IgG and IgG1 were noted on day 14 PPI and the levels of antibodies increased till the end of experiment. Reinfection induced an increase in the levels of both antibodies. In terms of optical density, IgG1 antibodies gave higher values in all sera examined. In ELISA for IgG antibodies, an increase in the avidity index of around 50% was detected 1 month PPI; higher-avidity antibodies were also detected in sera of reinfected animals.

• MeSH
• barvení a značení MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• helmintózy centrálního nervového systému patologie   MeSH
• imunoglobulin G krev   MeSH
• larva patogenita   MeSH
• mozek parazitologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• oči parazitologie   MeSH
• oční nemoci parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• parazitární zátěž MeSH
• protilátky helmintové krev   MeSH
• Toxocara canis patogenita   MeSH
• toxokaróza parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• protilátky helmintové MeSH

Cercariae of the nasal bird schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti are able to penetrate into mammalian skin and migrate to the mouse central nervous system (CNS) causing tissue injury in certain cases. Our study shows that the severity of T. regenti pathologies in the CNS closely depends on the host immune status. During the primary infection of immunocompetent mice, the parasites evoked an acute inflammatory reaction in the skin and the CNS involving focal oedema and cellular infiltration of the tissue. Challenge infections resulted in the development of extensive inflammatory foci in the host skin which precluded the subsequent migration of the schistosomula to the CNS. On the other hand, during primary as well as challenge infections of immunodeficient mice (SCID), no significant immune response against the parasites was detected in any of the host organs examined; however, in contrast to immunocompetent mice, the infections were frequently manifested by severe leg paralysis.

• MeSH
• helmintózy centrálního nervového systému imunologie   parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• imunokompetence MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda imunologie   parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• kachny parazitologie   MeSH
• kůže imunologie   parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• mícha parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• myši SCID MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nemoci ptáků parazitologie   MeSH
• Schistosomatidae patogenita   MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The bird nasal schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti is a new agent of cercarial dermatitis. Cercariae are able to penetrate the skin of birds and mammals including man. The parasite then attacks the central nervous system. The present study has shown that schistosomula avoid penetration of blood capillaries and enter the peripheral nerves of the legs of mice and ducks as early as 1 day post-infection (p.i.) and 1.5 days p.i., respectively. These peripheral nerves are used as a route to the spinal cord. In the specific host (duck) schistosomula were found in the spinal cord from 2 days p.i. until 15 days p.i. and in the brain from 12 days p.i. until 18 days p.i. In non-specific hosts (mice; inbred strains BALB/c, hr/hr, SCID) living schistosomula were found in the spinal cord from 2 days p.i. until 21 or 24 days p.i. (depending on the mouse strain) and in the brain of two (BALB/c, SCID) of three inbred strains from 3 days p.i. until 24 days p.i. No correlation was found between the infection dose and clinical status of the experimental hosts. A high affinity of schistosomula for the peripheral nerves was also proved in vitro, suggesting a new type of migratory behaviour in schistosomatids.

• MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• helmintózy centrálního nervového systému parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• kachny parazitologie   MeSH
• mícha parazitologie   MeSH
• mozek parazitologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši SCID MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nemoci ptáků parazitologie   MeSH
• periferní nervy parazitologie   MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• Schistosomatidae patogenita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In bird infections caused by Trichobilharzia regenti, the central nervous system (CNS) represents probably the main route to the nasal cavity, where maturation of the parasite occurs. However, in an abnormal mouse host, development is incomplete and is accompanied by a strong affinity of the parasite to the CNS. In order to explain pathological changes caused by the parasite, a histological study of cross-sections from the CNS and nasal cavity was performed. In the CNS of duck and mouse, immature flukes were found. Cross-sections showed parasites located either in meninges or in matter of various parts of the spinal cord and brain. In the spinal cord, the submeningeal location led to a strong inflammatory reaction around the schistosomula and resulted in eosinophilic meningitis. In the white and gray matter of the spinal cord and in the white matter of the brain, a cellular infiltration of spongy tissue surrounded the immature parasites; and we observed dystrophic and necrotic changes of neurons, perivascular eosinophilic inflammation in the spinal cord and brain, and cell infiltration around the central canal of the spinal cord. T. regenti adults and eggs were detected in the nasal mucosa of infected ducklings; and aging of the eggs resulted in various host reactions, ranging from focal accumulation of cells to the formation of granulomas. Histopathological changes may explain symptoms described previously for prepatent and patent phases of infections caused by T. regenti, i.e., neuromotor abnormalities in birds and mammals and hemorrhages/petechiae in birds, respectively.

• MeSH
• helmintózy centrálního nervového systému parazitologie   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda parazitologie   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• kachny MeSH
• mícha parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• mozek parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nemoci nosu parazitologie   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci ptáků parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• nosní sliznice parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• Schistosomatidae izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The development of nasal avian schistosomes of the genus Trichobilharzia in their final host is poorly known. Therefore, an experimental infection of ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos f. dom.) by T. regenti was performed. The infection resulted in leg paralysis and orientation/balance disorders of birds. The examination of the duck's spinal cord and brain confirmed the presence of developing parasites in pre-patent as well as patent periods. The absence of the worms in other tissues strongly supports our hypothesis that the parasite migrates through the central nervous system (CNS) to its final location in bird nasal mucosa. The injury level is probably dependent on number of parasites as well as yet unknown host factors. The affinity to the CNS seems to be high; also by exposure of experimental animals to low cercarial doses the growing worms in the CNS were found. In addition to the generally accepted view that bird schistosomes may cause cercarial dermatitis of mammals (including man), there is evidence of a partial development of T. regenti in mouse CNS; in certain cases leg paralysis was also recorded. Therefore, the pathogenesis spectrum caused by bird schistosomes in birds/mammals needs to be reconsidered.

• MeSH
• helmintózy centrálního nervového systému parazitologie   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• kachny parazitologie   MeSH
• mícha parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• mozek parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nemoci ptáků parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• nosní sliznice parazitologie   MeSH
• paralýza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Schistosomatidae izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH