OBJECTIVE: To assess the occurrence of the genes of the AdeABC efflux system and their association with antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. METHODS: A set of 116 strains selected for their diversity both in genotypic properties and geographic origin was investigated for the presence of the structural (adeA, adeB and adeC) and regulatory (adeR and adeS) genes of the AdeABC system by PCR, for resistance to 11 antimicrobials by disc diffusion, for MIC of netilmicin and for the presence of aacC2 and aacA4, encoding netilmicin-modifying enzymes. RESULTS: Ninety-five strains were positive for adeA, adeB, adeR and adeS, 10 were positive for 1 to 3 of these genes and 11 were negative for all genes. The adeC gene was found in 49 strains with one or more of the other genes. Forty-one strains were resistant to a maximum of one agent and 75 strains to two or more agents. Netilmicin MICs showed an almost bimodal distribution with respective peaks of 0.5-1 and 8 mg/L; aacC2 or aacA4 was found in six strains with netilmicin MIC of >or=64 mg/L. All 61 strains with netilmicin MICs >or= 4 mg/L were both adeABRS-positive and resistant to two or more agents, whereas netilmicin MICs

• MeSH
• ABC transportéry genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Acinetobacter baumannii účinky léků   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny genetika   MeSH
• DNA fingerprinting MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi rodu Acinetobacter mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• netilmicin farmakologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• upregulace účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ABC transportéry MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• netilmicin MeSH

The relationship between the volume of distribution, assessed according to the two-compartmental pharmacokinetic model, and extracellular water estimated by bioimpedance was studied in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis and capillary leak. A prospective observational study was performed in a twenty-bed general intensive care unit in the university hospital. Patients received either vancomycin (n = 16) or netilmicin (n = 12) for more than 48 hours. Those with ascites, pleural effusion, on renal replacement therapy or with haemodynamic instability were excluded. Serum concentrations of drugs were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis before, 1 hour and 4 hours after the 30 minute infusion. Bioimpedance measurement was performed at the time of the third sampling. The protocol was repeated after 24 hours. Fluid balance during the 24 hour interval was recorded. Extracellular water was increased and represented 45.6 to 46.6% of total body water Fluid balance correlated with the change of extracellular water (r = 0.82, P < 0.0001) and total body water (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001). Volumes of distribution of vancomycin (0.677 +/- 0.339 l/kg) and netilmicin (0.505 +/- 0.172 l/kg) were increased compared to normal values. A correlation was demonstrated between volume of distribution (Vd(area)) of vancomycin and extra cellular water/total body ratio (r = 0.70, P < 0.0001). The central compartment distribution volume (V1) of netilmicin correlated with extracellular water/total body water ratio (r = 0.60, P < 0.003). Serum concentrations above the recommended therapeutic range were detected in 81.2% of patients on vancomycin and in 50% of patients on netilmicin. Increased volumes of distribution can be estimated by the bioimpedance measurements but are not associated with requirements for higher dosage of the glycopeptide or aminoglycoside antibiotics.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakokinetika   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolická clearance MeSH
• monitorování léčiv metody   MeSH
• netilmicin farmakokinetika   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• péče o pacienty v kritickém stavu MeSH
• sepse farmakoterapie   metabolismus   mortalita   MeSH
• vankomycin farmakokinetika   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• netilmicin MeSH
• vankomycin MeSH

Based on the ability to attach to polymeric surfaces, the formation of biofilms was determined in 5 wild-type strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus warneri). Using modified Christensen method, minimum regrowth concentration (MRC) of piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoperazon, ceftazidim, cefepim, meronem, ciprofloxacin, netilmicin and amikacin for Gram-negative and of ampicillin-sulbactam, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, clindamycin, vancomycin and teicoplanin for Gram-positive bacteria was estimated in trypticase-soy broth medium after a 1-d growth on polystyrene microtiter plates. Adherent bacterial populations exhibited reduced antimicrobial susceptibility, which was not shown in submerged cultures. Our results indicate that MRC can predict therapeutic outcome of antibiotic treatment better than the minimum inhibitory concentration tests commonly used.

• MeSH
• Acinetobacter baumannii účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• amikacin farmakologie   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• bakteriální adheze účinky léků   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• biofilmy účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• chloramfenikol farmakologie   MeSH
• ciprofloxacin farmakologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Klebsiella pneumoniae účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• klindamycin farmakologie   MeSH
• laktamy farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti metody   MeSH
• netilmicin farmakologie   MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Staphylococcus účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• teikoplanin farmakologie   MeSH
• tetracyklin farmakologie   MeSH
• vankomycin farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amikacin MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• chloramfenikol MeSH
• ciprofloxacin MeSH
• klindamycin MeSH
• laktamy MeSH
• netilmicin MeSH
• teikoplanin MeSH
• tetracyklin MeSH
• vankomycin MeSH

The effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin and tobramycin) at sublethal concentrations (sub-MICs) on some properties of Plesiomonas shigelloides strains was evaluated. All agents decreased the bacterial surface hydrophobicity. Amikacin (1/4 of the MIC) and netilmicin (1/4 and 1/8 of the MIC) changed the hydrophobic character of P. shigelloides surface to a hydrophilic one. Treatment of the strains with aminoglycosides decreased also motility, netilmicin being the most effective. No significant changes were found in lipolytic activity of antibiotic-treated strains. In the majority of cases aminoglycosides increased sensitivity of bacteria to hydrogen peroxide. The tested antibiotics did not induce production of short-chained N-acylhomoserine lactones signal molecules. Aminoglycosides at sub-MICs affected important activities of P. shigelloides potentially associated with their virulence in dependence on strain, antibiotic and concentration.

• MeSH
• amikacin farmakologie   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• gentamiciny farmakologie   MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• netilmicin farmakologie   MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• Plesiomonas účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• polysorbáty metabolismus   MeSH
• povrchově aktivní látky metabolismus   MeSH
• tobramycin farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amikacin MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• gentamiciny MeSH
• netilmicin MeSH
• polysorbáty MeSH
• povrchově aktivní látky MeSH
• tobramycin MeSH

The impact of postantibiotic effect (PAE) of aminoglycosides (gentamicin, netilmicin) on cell-surface hydrophobicity and motility of a clinical isolate Serratia marcescens was evaluated. For the induction of PAE 2x and 4xMIC concentrations of both antibiotics were used. Gentamicin and netilmicin induced a PAE of similar duration after 2xMIC concentration (2.7 and 2.8 h, respectively). Both aminoglycosides demonstrated concentration-dependent PAE. At a concentration of 4xMIC they produced PAEs of 5.9 and 8.2 h, respectively. The evaluation of hydrophobic properties of S. marcescens after affecting PAE showed that both aminoglycosides inhibited adherence to xylene. This inhibition was also concentration-dependent. More expressive was netilmicin which inhibited the adhesion by 70.5% at 2xMIC and by 85.2% at 4xMIC. Netilmicin inhibited also the adhesion to nitrocellulose filter by 34.7% at 4xMIC. Exposure of the bacterial cells to suprainhibitory concentrations of both aminoglycosides resulted only in moderate inhibition of motility of strain tested compared to the unexposed cells.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální adheze účinky léků   MeSH
• gentamiciny farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• netilmicin farmakologie   MeSH
• pohyb MeSH
• Serratia marcescens účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• gentamiciny MeSH
• netilmicin MeSH

The postantibiotic effect (PAE) (postantibiotic phase induced by 2x or 4x MIC) as well as the postantibiotic effect of subinhibitory concentrations (0.1x, 0.2x and 0.3x MIC) (PA SME) of netilmicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin affected the production of the virulence factor alginate by a P. aeruginosa strain. Aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin at a concentration of 4x MIC inhibited the alginate production more significantly than 2x MIC. Suprainhibitory concentrations of aminoglycosides were more effective than pefloxacin (2x or 4x MIC) and ciprofloxacin (2x MIC). PA SME demonstrated by the above antibiotics (with the exception of ciprofloxacin 2x MIC + 0.1x MIC) suppressed alginate production more efficiently.

• MeSH
• algináty metabolismus   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky farmakologie   MeSH
• chemická deprese MeSH
• ciprofloxacin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• gentamiciny aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kyselina glukuronová MeSH
• kyseliny hexuronové MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• netilmicin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• pefloxacin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• pseudomonádové infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   patogenita   MeSH
• tobramycin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• virulence účinky léků   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• algináty MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• ciprofloxacin MeSH
• gentamiciny MeSH
• kyselina glukuronová MeSH
• kyseliny hexuronové MeSH
• netilmicin MeSH
• pefloxacin MeSH
• tobramycin MeSH

The postantibiotic effects of subinhibitory concentrations (PA SMEs) and virulence factor alterations induced by ciprofloxacin, tobramycin and netilmicin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied. After induction of the postantibiotic phase (PA) (2x or 4x MIC) the cultures were exposed to subinhibitory concentrations (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3x MIC) of the same antibiotic (PA SME). The regrowth of treated as well as control cultures was followed for 24 or 45 h. In the sterile culture filtrates obtained from these bacterial cultures, elastase and proteinase were determined. Ciprofloxacin and aminoglycosides exhibited PA SMEs of 35-35 h for certain combinations of supra-subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations. Longer PA SMEs were observed after treatment with higher sub-MICs. Tobramycin at 0.2 and 0.3x MIC (postantibiotic phase induced by 2x MIC) and at alt sub-MICs added to the bacteria previously exposed to 4x MIC do not allow any regrowth of bacterial culture. PA SMEs of tested antibiotics affected virulence factors of P. aeruginosa. Elastase compared to proteinase was suppressed more effectively. Ciprofloxacin at 0.3x MIC reduced elastase and proteinase activity most significantly (to 14.2 and 60% of the control values).

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky farmakologie   MeSH
• ciprofloxacin farmakologie   MeSH
• endopeptidasy účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• gentamiciny farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• netilmicin farmakologie   MeSH
• pankreatická elastasa účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• tobramycin farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• ciprofloxacin MeSH
• endopeptidasy MeSH
• gentamiciny MeSH
• netilmicin MeSH
• pankreatická elastasa MeSH
• tobramycin MeSH

For the treatment of febrile episodes in granulocytopenic cancer patients, a combination of bactericidal and intravenously administered broad spectrum agents is recommended. An aminoglycoside plus a beta-lactame (piperacillin, azlocillin or IIIrd generation cephalosporins) are the drugs of first choice in an empiric approach. Because of frequent parenteral interventions (e.g. catheters, cannulations) in thrombopenic patients with multifactorial immunosuppression, we consider the application of once daily drugs, such as ceftriaxone, netilmicin or amikacin. For single dose treatment (1st day two applications), we used ceftriaxone in combination with netilmicin or amikacin as the first approach and retrospectively evaluated 47 patients for efficacy and safety.

• MeSH
• agranulocytóza komplikace   MeSH
• amikacin aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce farmakoterapie   MeSH
• ceftriaxon aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• horečka farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kombinovaná farmakoterapie terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory komplikace   MeSH
• netilmicin aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amikacin MeSH
• ceftriaxon MeSH
• netilmicin MeSH

The authors submit the results of treatment of non-complicated urinary tract infections by a single dose of netilmicin. They treated 23 patients to whom they administered a single dose of 200 mg netilmicin by the i.m. route. A positive short-term effect was recorded in 82.8%. Cases of failure of this treatment indicate the necessity of careful indication of a single dose of netilmicin only to patients with non-complicated infections of the urinary pathways.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• infekce močového ústrojí farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• netilmicin aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• netilmicin MeSH

In 26 patients with different clinical forms of infections of the urinary pathways a 300 mg single dose of netilmicin was administered by the i.m. route and the bacteriological urinary finding was checked for as long as 10 weeks after administration of netilmicin. During this period the urine was bacteriologically negative in 42% of the subjects. In 8 subjects with relapses of the infection a second dose of 300 mg netilmicin was administered and the urine was bacteriologically negative for 10 weeks in four of the patients. On the whole it proved possible to eliminate the urinary infection for 42-112 days in 17 subjects (65%), even in so-called complicated infections. It may be stated that single dose treatment with netilmicin used once or repeatedly leads to prolonged elimination of the infection without affecting the sensitivity of the organisms, without side-effects and with a substantial reduction of the cost of treatment.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• infekce močového ústrojí farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• injekce intramuskulární MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• netilmicin aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• netilmicin MeSH