In vertebrates, head and trunk muscles develop from different mesodermal populations and are regulated by distinct genetic networks. Neck muscles at the head-trunk interface remain poorly defined due to their complex morphogenesis and dual mesodermal origins. Here, we use genetically modified mice to establish a 3D model that integrates regulatory genes, cell populations and morphogenetic events that define this transition zone. We show that the evolutionary conserved cucullaris-derived muscles originate from posterior cardiopharyngeal mesoderm, not lateral plate mesoderm, and we define new boundaries for neural crest and mesodermal contributions to neck connective tissue. Furthermore, lineage studies and functional analysis of Tbx1- and Pax3-null mice reveal a unique developmental program for somitic neck muscles that is distinct from that of somitic trunk muscles. Our findings unveil the embryological and developmental requirements underlying tetrapod neck myogenesis and provide a blueprint to investigate how muscle subsets are selectively affected in some human myopathies.

• Klíčová slova
• cranial mesoderm, developmental biology, mouse, neck myogenesis, neural crest, somite,
• MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
• kosterní svaly diagnostické zobrazování   embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• krční svaly diagnostické zobrazování   embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• mezoderm diagnostické zobrazování   embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• morfogeneze * MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši transgenní MeSH
• pojivová tkáň diagnostické zobrazování   embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny T-boxu genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rentgenová mikrotomografie MeSH
• savci embryologie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• somity diagnostické zobrazování   embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny T-boxu MeSH
• Tbx1 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč

Oocyte-to-embryo transition is a process during which an oocyte ovulates, is fertilized, and becomes a developing embryo. It involves the first major genome reprogramming event in life of an organism where gene expression, which gave rise to a differentiated oocyte, is remodeled in order to establish totipotency in blastomeres of an early embryo. This remodeling involves replacement of maternal RNAs with zygotic RNAs through maternal RNA degradation and zygotic genome activation. This review is focused on expression and function of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and small RNAs during oocyte-to-embryo transition in mammals. LncRNAs are an assorted rapidly evolving collection of RNAs, which have no apparent protein-coding capacity. Their biogenesis is similar to mRNAs including transcriptional control and post-transcriptional processing. Diverse molecular and biological roles were assigned to lncRNAs although most of them probably did not acquire a detectable biological role. Since some lncRNAs serve as precursors for small noncoding regulatory RNAs in RNA silencing pathways, both types of noncoding RNA are reviewed together.

• Klíčová slova
• LTR, RNAi, lncRNA, oocyte, siRNA, zygote,
• MeSH
• blastomery chemie   MeSH
• gastrulace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malá nekódující RNA genetika   MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující genetika   MeSH
• savci embryologie   genetika   MeSH
• stabilita RNA MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• malá nekódující RNA MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující MeSH

Artiodactyls possess GALT that appears in fetal life and is located at the extreme end of the ileum. These IPP contain mostly B cells and involute early in postnatal life. Rabbits have a similarly located lymphoid organ, called the sacculus rotundus. Studies in sheep and rabbits have led to the concept that the lower hindgut GALT represents primary lymphoid tissue for B cells and is necessary for normal B cell development, analogous to the bursa of Fabricius. This review traces the history of the observations and theories that have led to the existing concept concerning the role of lower GALT. We then review recent data from piglets with resected IPP that challenges the concept that the IPP is primary B cell lymphoid tissue and that artiodactyls and rabbits are members of the GALT group in the same context as gallinaceous birds. Eliminating the IPP as the primary lymphoid tissue for B cells leads to the hypothesis that the IPP acts as first-responder mucosal lymphoid tissue.

• Klíčová slova
• B cell development, B lymphocytes, Peyer's patches, lymphogenesis, mucosal immunity,
• MeSH
• apoptóza MeSH
• Artiodactyla imunologie   MeSH
• B-lymfocyty cytologie   imunologie   MeSH
• buněčný rodokmen MeSH
• bursa Fabricii cytologie   imunologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely MeSH
• imunitní systém embryologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• králíci imunologie   MeSH
• kur domácí imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny cytologie   imunologie   MeSH
• lymfoidní tkáň cytologie   imunologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• lymfopoéza MeSH
• mezenterium imunologie   MeSH
• modely imunologické MeSH
• Peyerovy pláty cytologie   imunologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• prasata imunologie   MeSH
• savci embryologie   imunologie   MeSH
• střeva imunologie   MeSH
• střevní sliznice embryologie   růst a vývoj   imunologie   MeSH
• tvorba protilátek MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Structures suppressed during evolution can be retraced due to atavisms and vestiges. Atavism is an exceptional emergence of an ancestral form in a living individual. In contrast, ancestral vestige regularly occurs in all members of an actual species. We surveyed data about the vestigial and atavistic teeth in mammals, updated them by recent findings in mouse and human embryos, and discussed their ontogenetic and evolutionary implications. In the mouse incisor and diastema regions, dental placodes are transiently distinct being morphologically similar to the early tooth primordia in reptiles. Two large vestigial buds emerge in front of the prospective first molar and presumably correspond to the premolars eliminated during mouse evolution. The incorporation of the posterior premolar vestige into the lower first molar illustrates the putative mechanism of evolutionary disappearance of the last premolar in the mice. In mutant mice, devious development of the ancestral tooth primordia might lead to their revivification and origin of atavistic supernumerary teeth. Similarity in the developmental schedule between three molars in mice and the respective third and fourth deciduous premolar and the first molar in humans raises a question about putative homology of these teeth. The complex patterning of the vestibular and dental epithelium in human embryos is reminiscent of the pattern of "Zahnreihen" in lower vertebrates. A hypothesis was presented about the developmental relationship between the structures at the external aspect of the dentition in mammals (oral vestibule, pre-lacteal teeth, paramolar cusps/teeth), the tooth glands in reptiles, and the earliest teeth in lower vertebrates.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• dentice * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• moláry fyziologie   MeSH
• mutace fyziologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• odontogeneze genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• plazi MeSH
• řezáky fyziologie   MeSH
• savci embryologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zuby přespočetné MeSH
• zuby růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

The production of cloned animals is a difficult and complex procedure that requires two basic steps. First, the cytoplast must be prepared by the enucleation of metaphase II oocytes. Second, the nucleus is transferred either by fusion or by direct microinjection into the cytoplast. The preparation of cytoplasts is a crucial step because they must be able to reprogram the transferred nucleus and to secure the development of reconstructed embryos. Moreover, the classical mechanical enucleation of metaphase II oocytes is rather technically difficult, requiring good equipment and considerable micromanipulation skill. For this reason the simplification of this step is permanently in the centre of interest of those scientists who are involved in the production of clones.

• MeSH
• aparát dělícího vřeténka účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• centrifugace - gradient hustoty MeSH
• cykloheximid farmakologie   MeSH
• cytologické techniky metody   MeSH
• demekolcin farmakologie   MeSH
• etoposid farmakologie   MeSH
• faktor podporující zrání metabolismus   MeSH
• fluorescenční mikroskopie MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata embryologie   genetika   MeSH
• ionomycin farmakologie   MeSH
• klonování organismů metody   MeSH
• metafáze účinky léků   MeSH
• mikromanipulace metody   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nokodazol farmakologie   MeSH
• oocyty cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• polarizační mikroskopie MeSH
• sacharosa farmakologie   MeSH
• savci embryologie   genetika   MeSH
• techniky jaderného přenosu * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cykloheximid MeSH
• demekolcin MeSH
• etoposid MeSH
• faktor podporující zrání MeSH
• ionomycin MeSH
• nokodazol MeSH
• sacharosa MeSH

Ubiquitination is a universal protein degradation pathway in which the molecules of 8.5-kDa proteolytic peptide ubiquitin are covalently attached to the epsilon-amino group of the substrate's lysine residues. Little is known about the importance of this highly conserved mechanism for protein recycling in mammalian gametogenesis and fertilization. The data obtained by the students and faculty of the international training course Window to the Zygote 2000 demonstrate the accumulation of ubiquitin-cross-reactive structures in the trophoblast, but not in the inner cell mass of the expanding bovine and mouse blastocysts. This observation suggests that a major burst of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis occurs in the trophoblast of mammalian peri-implantation embryos. This event may be important for the success of blastocyst hatching, differentiation of embryonic stem cells into soma and germ line, and/or implantation in both naturally conceived and reconstructed mammalian embryos.

• MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• blastocysta metabolismus   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• myši inbrední ICR MeSH
• myši MeSH
• savci embryologie   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• trofoblasty metabolismus   MeSH
• ubikvitin metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• ubikvitin MeSH

• MeSH
• histologické techniky MeSH
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• morfogeneze * MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši inbrední CBA MeSH
• myši MeSH
• savci embryologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• myši MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH