Medical students are exposed to the hospital environment and patients during their studies, increasing the risk of exposure to virulent and antibiotic-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among medical students who have varying levels of exposure to the hospital environment to provide valuable insights into the risk of colonization and transmission. Nasal swabs and fingerprints were obtained and cultured on a selective medium for staphylococci. The obtained isolates were confirmed as methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) or methicillin-resistant (MRSA) using PCR. Antibiotic resistance, the presence of virulence genes including enterotoxin encoding genes, and spa typing were performed. Among pre-clinical students, MSSA was detected on the nose in 45.2% and on the fingerprints in 10.6% of the participants. Among clinical students, MSSA was detected on the nose in 42.0% and on the fingerprints in 25.4%. Only one MRSA isolate was obtained. Genes seg and sei were the most frequently detected in both student groups, with their presence in over 40% of isolates among clinical students. The eta and etb genes were mainly detected from the nose in both student groups. In pre-clinical students, S. aureus carrying eta gene occurred in 6.4% and etb in 8.5%. In clinical students, the occurrence was 5.1% for eta and 8.5% for etb. The tst gene was identified only in the nose and fingerprints of the clinical student group. The most frequently observed resistance was to clindamycin and erythromycin. In total 58 different spa types were identified. High rates of asymptomatic MSSA carriage were observed in both groups of medical students. Detected MSSA strains showed a high degree of genetic variability, with a number of them carrying the virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Although students do not exhibit increased risk to their patient's, increased hygiene is required in asymptomatic carriage personnel. The overall prevalence of MRSA was low, with a minimal risk of spread.

• Klíčová slova
• Spa type, Staphylococcus aureus, Antibiotic resistance, MRSA, Medical students, Virulence genes,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• faktory virulence * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus genetika   izolace a purifikace   účinky léků   klasifikace   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• přenašečství * mikrobiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce * mikrobiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus * genetika   izolace a purifikace   účinky léků   klasifikace   MeSH
• studenti lékařství * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• faktory virulence * MeSH

The gut microbiome has been increasingly recognized as a key player in the development and progression of colon cancer. Alterations in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can lead to a variety of medical issues. Microbial adaptation through signals and small molecules can enhance pathogen colonization and modulate host immunity, significantly impacting disease progression. Quorum sensing peptides and molecules have been linked to the progression of colon cancer. Various interventions, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics, have been used to reverse dysbiosis with mixed results and potential side effects. Thus, a personalized approach to treatment selection based on patient characteristics, such as individual gut microbiota manipulation, is necessary to prevent and treat diseases like colon cancer. With advances in metagenomic sequencing and other omics technologies, there has been a growing interest in developing precision medicine strategies for microbial imbalance-induced colon cancer. This review serves as a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the gut microbiome involvement in colon cancer. By exploring the potential of utilizing the gut microbiome as a target for precision medicine, this review underscores the exciting opportunities that lie ahead. Although challenges exist, the integration of microbiome data into precision medicine approaches has the potential to revolutionize the management of colon cancer, providing patients with more personalized and effective treatment options.

• Klíčová slova
• Colon cancer, Dysbiosis, Immunotherapy, Microbiome, Precision medicine, Quorum sensing peptides,
• MeSH
• dysbióza terapie   MeSH
• individualizovaná medicína metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory tračníku * terapie   MeSH
• probiotika * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial human pathogen that causes a wide variety of clinical manifestations. The main aim of the presented study was to determine and optimize a novel sequencing independent approach that enables molecular typing of S. aureus isolates and elucidates the transmission of emergent clones between patients. In total, 987 S. aureus isolates including both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were used to evaluate the novel typing approach combining high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) genes (mini-MLST) and spa gene (spa-HRM). The novel approach's discriminatory ability was evaluated by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The clonal relatedness of tested isolates was set by the BURP and BURST approach using spa and MLST data, respectively. Mini-MLST classified the S. aureus isolates into 38 clusters, followed by spa-HRM classifying the isolates into 101 clusters. The WGS proved HRM-based methods to effectively differentiate between related S. aureus isolates. Visualizing evolutionary relationships among different spa-types provided by the BURP algorithm showed comparable results to MLST/mini-MLST clonal clusters. We proved that the combination of mini-MLST and spa-HRM is rapid, reproducible, and cost-efficient. In addition to high discriminatory ability, the correlation between spa evolutionary relationships and mini-MLST clustering allows the variability in population structure to be monitored. IMPORTANCE Rapid and cost-effective molecular typing tools for Staphylococcus aureus epidemiological applications such as transmission tracking, source attribution and outbreak investigations are highly desirable. High-resolution melting based methods are effective alternative to those based on sequencing. Their good reproducibility and easy performance allow prospective typing of large set of isolates while reaching great discriminatory power. In this study, we established a new epidemiological approach to S. aureus typing. This scheme has the potential to greatly improve epidemiological investigations of S. aureus.

• Klíčová slova
• MLST, MRSA, MSSA, high-resolution melting, mini-MLST, spa-typing, whole-genome sequencing,
• MeSH
• kontrola infekce * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• molekulární typizace metody   MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The discovery of antibiotics more than 80 years ago has led to considerable improvements in human and animal health. Although antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria is ancient, resistance in human pathogens is thought to be a modern phenomenon that is driven by the clinical use of antibiotics1. Here we show that particular lineages of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-a notorious human pathogen-appeared in European hedgehogs in the pre-antibiotic era. Subsequently, these lineages spread within the local hedgehog populations and between hedgehogs and secondary hosts, including livestock and humans. We also demonstrate that the hedgehog dermatophyte Trichophyton erinacei produces two β-lactam antibiotics that provide a natural selective environment in which methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates have an advantage over susceptible isolates. Together, these results suggest that methicillin resistance emerged in the pre-antibiotic era as a co-evolutionary adaptation of S. aureus to the colonization of dermatophyte-infected hedgehogs. The evolution of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes in wild animals and the connectivity of natural, agricultural and human ecosystems demonstrate that the use of a One Health approach is critical for our understanding and management of antibiotic resistance, which is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security and development.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky dějiny   metabolismus   MeSH
• Arthrodermataceae genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• beta-laktamy metabolismus   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• geografická kartografie MeSH
• ježkovití metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• One Health MeSH
• peniciliny biosyntéza   MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin genetika   MeSH
• selekce (genetika) genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Dánsko MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Nový Zéland MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• beta-laktamy MeSH
• peniciliny MeSH

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of bloodstream infections. The aim of our study was to characterize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from blood of patients hospitalized in the Czech Republic between 2016 and 2018. All MRSA strains were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, analyzed by spa typing and clustered using a Based Upon Repeat Pattern (BURP) algorithm. The representative isolates of the four most common spa types and representative isolates of all spa clonal complexes were further typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. The majority of MRSA strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin (94%), erythromycin (95.5%) and clindamycin (95.6%). Among the 618 strains analyzed, 52 different spa types were detected. BURP analysis divided them into six different clusters. The most common spa types were t003, t586, t014 and t002, all belonging to the CC5 (clonal complex). CC5 was the most abundant MLST CC of our study, comprising of 91.7% (n = 565) of spa-typeable isolates. Other CCs present in our study were CC398, CC22, CC8, CC45 and CC97. To our knowledge, this is the biggest nationwide study aimed at typing MRSA blood isolates from the Czech Republic.

• Klíčová slova
• MLST, MRSA, SCCmec typing, Staphylococcus aureus, clonal analysis, epidemiology, spa typing,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The aim of this study was to detect and characterize isolates of methicillin-/oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrying gene mecC (MRSA/mecC) and occurring in the Czech Republic within the period from 2002 to 2017. Altogether, 18 from 3,472 isolates of MRSA were mecC positive (0.52%). The first detection of MRSA/mecC in the Czech Republic is dated to 2004. MRSA/mecC isolates were susceptible to almost all tested antibiotics with few exceptions. Resistances to erythromycin (n = 2), clindamycin (n = 1), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n = 1), and rifampicin (n = 1) were found in the collection. Multilocus sequence typing and spa typing revealed a genetic heterogeneity of MRSA/mecC strains: three CCs (130, 425, and 2361), five STs (1245, 130, 2361, 425, and a new ST5480), and eight spa types (t843, t978, t1048, t1535, t1736, t6104, t8842, and t17153), which were detected in the study, with the highest prevalence of CC130/t843 lineage (n = 8, 44%). Except for two strains, none from 18 examined isolates harbored genes encoding any of S. aureus toxins: enterotoxins a-u, exfoliative toxins A, B, and D, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin.

• Klíčová slova
• MLST, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, mecC, spa typing,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny genetika   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus genetika   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• oxacilin farmakologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• proteiny vázající penicilin metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• oxacilin MeSH
• proteiny vázající penicilin MeSH

The aim of this study was to trace the dynamic changes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineages in the local hospital in both the national and international context. We describe genotypic and phenotypic characterization of 62 non-duplicate MRSA isolates collected during 2010-2016 at University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. The isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing (SCCmec typing). Eight different genotypes were described; ST225-t003-II (32/62, 52%), ST5-t002-II (13/62, 22%), and ST225-t014-II (12/62, 21%) were constantly detected over the 7-year follow-up period. The genotypes ST225-t151-II, ST225-t1282-II, ST225-t1623-II, ST78-t2832-II, and ST225-t8799-II occurred only once in the period reported. The majority of the strains, represented by ST225, belonged to clonal complex 5 (CC5).

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriemie epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus klasifikace   účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• nemocnice univerzitní MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce epidemiologie   MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus as an aggressive pathogen resistant to multiple antibiotics causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections is increasing with limited therapeutic options. Macrolide-lincosamide streptogramin B (MLSB) family of antibiotics represents an important alternative therapy for staphylococcal infections. This study was conducted over a period of five years from August 2013 to July 2018 to investigate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology in Iran of inducible resistance in S. aureus. In the current study, 126 inducible methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (n = 106) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) (n = 20) isolates were characterized by in vitro susceptibility analysis, resistance and virulence encoding gene distribution, phenotypic and genotypic analysis of biofilm formation, prophage typing, S. aureus protein A locus (spa) typing, staphylocoagulase (SC) typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and multilocus sequence typing. Of the 126 isolates, 76 (60.3%) were classified as hospital onset, and 50 (39.7%) were classified as community onset (CO). Biofilm formation was observed in 97 strains (77%). A total of 14 sequence types (STs), 26 spa types, 7 coagulase types, 9 prophage types, 3 agr types (no agr IV), and 9 clonal complexes (CCs) were identified in this study. The prevalence of the inducible MLSB (iMLSB) S. aureus increased from 7.5% (25/335) to 21.7% (38/175) during the study period. The iMLSB MRSA isolates were distributed in nine CCs, whereas the MSSA isolates were less diverse, which mainly belonged to CC22 (7.95%) and CC30 (7.95%). High-level mupirocin-resistant strains belonged to ST85-SCCmec IV/t008 (n = 4), ST5-SCCmec IV/t002 (n = 4), ST239-SCCmec III/t631 (n = 2), and ST8-SCCmec IV/t064 (n = 2) clones, whereas low-level mupirocin-resistant strains belonged to ST15-SCCmec IV/t084 (n = 5), ST239-SCCmec III/t860 (n = 3), and ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 (n = 3) clones. All the fusidic acid-resistant iMLSB isolates were MRSA and belonged to ST15-SCCmec IV/t084 (n = 2), ST239-SCCmec III/t030 (n = 2), ST1-SCCmec V/t6811 (n = 1), ST80-SCCmec IV/t044 (n = 1), and ST59-SCCmec IV/t437 (n = 1). The CC22 that was predominant in 2013-2014 (36% of the isolates) had almost disappeared in 2017-2018, being replaced by the CC8, which represented 39.5% of the 2017-2018 isolates. This is the first description of temporal shifts of iMLSB S. aureus isolates in Iran that identifies predominant clones and treatment options for iMLSB S. aureus-related infections.

• Klíčová slova
• MLST, SCCmec, agr allotype, inducible resistance, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, staphylocoagulase,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Rats are a reservoir of human- and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the composition of the natural S. aureus population in wild and laboratory rats is largely unknown. Here, 144 nasal S. aureus isolates from free-living wild rats, captive wild rats and laboratory rats were genotyped and profiled for antibiotic resistances and human-specific virulence genes. The nasal S. aureus carriage rate was higher among wild rats (23.4%) than laboratory rats (12.3%). Free-living wild rats were primarily colonized with isolates of clonal complex (CC) 49 and CC130 and maintained these strains even in husbandry. Moreover, upon livestock contact, CC398 isolates were acquired. In contrast, laboratory rats were colonized with many different S.aureus lineages-many of which are commonly found in humans. Five captive wild rats were colonized with CC398-MRSA. Moreover, a single CC30-MRSA and two CC130-MRSA were detected in free-living or captive wild rats. Rat-derived S. aureus isolates rarely harbored the phage-carried immune evasion gene cluster or superantigen genes, suggesting long-term adaptation to their host. Taken together, our study revealed a natural S. aureus population in wild rats, as well as a colonization pressure on wild and laboratory rats by exposure to livestock- and human-associated S.aureus, respectively.

• Klíčová slova
• Staphylococcus aureus, clonal complex, coagulation, epidemiology, habitat, host adaptation, immune evasion cluster, laboratory, livestock, rat,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• divoká zvířata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• faktory virulence genetika   MeSH
• hemokoagulace MeSH
• methicilin farmakologie   MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• nos mikrobiologie   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Německo MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• faktory virulence MeSH
• methicilin MeSH

BACKGROUND: Cases of colonization or infection caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are frequently reported in people who work with animals, including veterinary personnel. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA colonization among veterinary professionals. A total of 134 nasal swabs from healthy attendees of a veterinary conference held in the Czech Republic were tested for presence of MRSA. The stains were further genotypically and phenotypically characterized. RESULTS: Nine isolated MRSA strains were characterized with sequence type (ST), spa type (t) and Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec type. Five different genotypes were described, including ST398-t011-IV (n = 5), ST398-t2330-IV (n = 1), ST398-t034-V (n = 1), ST225-t003-II (n = 1) and ST4894-t011-IV (n = 1). The carriage of the animal MRSA strain was confirmed in 8 cases, characteristics of one strain corresponded to the possible nosocomial origin. Among animal strains were described three spa types (t011, t034, t2330) belonging into one dominating clonal complex spa-CC11. CONCLUSION: According to our results, the prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA in veterinary personnel is 6.72%. Although we described an increase compared to the results of previous study (year 2008), the prevalence in the Czech Republic is still remaining lower than reported from neighboring countries. Our results also indicate that healthcare - associated MRSA strains are still not spread among animals.

• Klíčová slova
• Carriage, Companion animals, Czech Republic, Livestock, Livestock-associated MRSA, Veterinarians,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nos mikrobiologie   MeSH
• pracovní expozice MeSH
• přenašečství epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce epidemiologie   MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• studium veterinárního lékařství MeSH
• veterináři * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH