C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) is a major negative regulator of Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) that play critical roles in immunoreceptor signaling. CSK is brought in contiguity to the plasma membrane-bound SFKs via binding to transmembrane adaptor PAG, also known as CSK-binding protein. The recent finding that PAG can function as a positive regulator of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI)-mediated mast cell signaling suggested that PAG and CSK have some non-overlapping regulatory functions in mast cell activation. To determine the regulatory roles of CSK in FcεRI signaling, we derived bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) with reduced or enhanced expression of CSK from wild-type (WT) or PAG knockout (KO) mice and analyzed their FcεRI-mediated activation events. We found that in contrast to PAG-KO cells, antigen-activated BMMCs with CSK knockdown (KD) exhibited significantly higher degranulation, calcium response, and tyrosine phosphorylation of FcεRI, SYK, and phospholipase C. Interestingly, FcεRI-mediated events in BMMCs with PAG-KO were restored upon CSK silencing. BMMCs with CSK-KD/PAG-KO resembled BMMCs with CSK-KD alone. Unexpectedly, cells with CSK-KD showed reduced kinase activity of LYN and decreased phosphorylation of transcription factor STAT5. This was accompanied by impaired production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in antigen-activated cells. In line with this, BMMCs with CSK-KD exhibited enhanced phosphorylation of protein phosphatase SHP-1, which provides a negative feedback loop for regulating phosphorylation of STAT5 and LYN kinase activity. Furthermore, we found that in WT BMMCs SHP-1 forms complexes containing LYN, CSK, and STAT5. Altogether, our data demonstrate that in FcεRI-activated mast cells CSK is a negative regulator of degranulation and chemotaxis, but a positive regulator of adhesion to fibronectin and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Some of these pathways are not dependent on the presence of PAG.

• Klíčová slova
• C-terminal Src kinase, LYN, SHP-1, STAT5, cytokines, degranulation, mast cell, phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains,
• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• buňky kostní dřeně fyziologie   MeSH
• C-terminální Src kinasa MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• degranulace buněk MeSH
• fibronektiny metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfoproteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• genetické vektory MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mastocyty fyziologie   MeSH
• membránové proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• mezibuněčné signální peptidy a proteiny MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši MeSH
• receptory IgE metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce imunologie   MeSH
• skupina kinas odvozených od src-genu metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• transkripční faktor STAT5 metabolismus   MeSH
• tyrosin metabolismus   MeSH
• tyrosinfosfatasa nereceptorového typu 6 metabolismus   MeSH
• vápník metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• C-terminální Src kinasa MeSH
• CSK protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• cytokiny MeSH
• fibronektiny MeSH
• fosfoproteiny MeSH
• lyn protein-tyrosine kinase MeSH Prohlížeč
• membránové proteiny MeSH
• mezibuněčné signální peptidy a proteiny MeSH
• Pag protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• Pag1 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• Ptpn6 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• receptory IgE MeSH
• skupina kinas odvozených od src-genu MeSH
• transkripční faktor STAT5 MeSH
• tyrosin MeSH
• tyrosinfosfatasa nereceptorového typu 6 MeSH
• vápník MeSH

Mast cells play crucial roles in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Along with basophils, mast cells are essential effector cells for allergic inflammation that causes asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy and atopic dermatitis. Mast cells are usually increased in inflammatory sites of allergy and, upon activation, release various chemical, lipid, peptide and protein mediators of allergic reactions. Since antigen/immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated activation of these cells is a central event to trigger allergic reactions, innumerable studies have been conducted on how these cells are activated through cross-linking of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). Development of mature mast cells from their progenitor cells is under the influence of several growth factors, of which the stem cell factor (SCF) seems to be the most important. Therefore, how SCF induces mast cell development and activation via its receptor, KIT, has been studied extensively, including a cross-talk between KIT and FcεRI signaling pathways. Although our understanding of the signaling mechanisms of the FcεRI and KIT pathways is far from complete, pharmaceutical applications of the knowledge about these pathways are underway. This review will focus on recent progresses in FcεRI and KIT signaling and chemotaxis.

• Klíčová slova
• Chemotaxis, IgE receptor, KIT receptor, Mast cell, Plasma membrane, Signal transduction,
• MeSH
• chemotaxe * účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mastocyty cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• signální transdukce * účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

The transmembrane adaptor protein PAG/CBP (here, PAG) is expressed in multiple cell types. Tyrosine-phosphorylated PAG serves as an anchor for C-terminal SRC kinase, an inhibitor of SRC-family kinases. The role of PAG as a negative regulator of immunoreceptor signaling has been examined in several model systems, but no functions in vivo have been determined. Here, we examined the activation of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) with PAG knockout and PAG knockdown and the corresponding controls. Our data show that PAG-deficient BMMCs exhibit impaired antigen-induced degranulation, extracellular calcium uptake, tyrosine phosphorylation of several key signaling proteins (including the high-affinity IgE receptor subunits, spleen tyrosine kinase, and phospholipase C), production of several cytokines and chemokines, and chemotaxis. The enzymatic activities of the LYN and FYN kinases were increased in nonactivated cells, suggesting the involvement of a LYN- and/or a FYN-dependent negative regulatory loop. When BMMCs from PAG-knockout mice were activated via the KIT receptor, enhanced degranulation and tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor were observed. In vivo experiments showed that PAG is a positive regulator of passive systemic anaphylaxis. The combined data indicate that PAG can function as both a positive and a negative regulator of mast cell signaling, depending upon the signaling pathway involved.

• MeSH
• anafylaxe genetika   MeSH
• buňky kostní dřeně metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• C-terminální Src kinasa MeSH
• degranulace buněk MeSH
• fosfolipasy typu C metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfoproteiny genetika   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• kinasa Syk MeSH
• malá interferující RNA MeSH
• mastocyty metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• membránové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-fyn biosyntéza   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-kit metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory IgE metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA interference MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• skupina kinas odvozených od src-genu biosyntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• tyrosinkinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• vápník metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• C-terminální Src kinasa MeSH
• fosfolipasy typu C MeSH
• fosfoproteiny MeSH
• Fyn protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny MeSH
• kinasa Syk MeSH
• lyn protein-tyrosine kinase MeSH Prohlížeč
• malá interferující RNA MeSH
• membránové proteiny MeSH
• Pag1 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-fyn MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-kit MeSH
• receptory IgE MeSH
• skupina kinas odvozených od src-genu MeSH
• Syk protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• tyrosinkinasy MeSH
• vápník MeSH

In spite of a comprehensive understanding of the schematics of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, the mechanisms regulating compartmentalization of signaling molecules, their transient interactions, and rearrangement of membrane structures initiated upon TCR engagement remain an outstanding problem. These gaps in our knowledge are exemplified by recent data demonstrating that TCR triggering is largely dependent on a preactivated pool of Lck concentrated in T cells in a specific type of membrane microdomains. Our current model posits that in resting T cells all critical components of TCR triggering machinery including TCR/CD3, Lck, Fyn, CD45, PAG, and LAT are associated with distinct types of lipid-based microdomains which represent the smallest structural and functional units of membrane confinement able to negatively control enzymatic activities and substrate availability that is required for the initiation of TCR signaling. In addition, the microdomains based segregation spatially limits the interaction of components of TCR triggering machinery prior to the onset of TCR signaling and allows their rapid communication and signal amplification after TCR engagement, via the process of their coalescence. Microdomains mediated compartmentalization thus represents an essential membrane organizing principle in resting T cells. The integration of these structural and functional aspects of signaling into a unified model of TCR triggering will require a deeper understanding of membrane biology, novel interdisciplinary approaches and the generation of specific reagents. We believe that the fully integrated model of TCR signaling must be based on membrane structural network which provides a proper environment for regulatory processes controlling TCR triggering.

• Klíčová slova
• Fyn, Lck, TCR triggering, compartmentalization, heavy and light DRMs, membrane microdomains, spatio-temporal regulation,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The importance of membrane compartmentalization into specific membrane microdomains has been shown in many biological processes such as immunoreceptor signaling, membrane trafficking, pathogen infection, and tumor progression. Microdomains like lipid rafts, caveolae and tetraspanin enriched microdomains are relatively resistant to solubilization by some detergents. Large detergent-resistant membrane fragments (DRMs) resulting from such membrane solubilization can be conveniently isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation or gel filtration. Recently, we described a novel type of raft-like membrane microdomains producing, upon detergent Brij98 solubilization, "heavy DRMs" and containing a number of functionally relevant proteins. Transmembrane adaptor protein LAX is a typical "heavy raft" protein. The present study was designed to identify the molecular determinants targeting LAX-derived constructs to heavy rafts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We prepared several constructs encoding chimeric proteins containing various informative segments of the LAX sequence and evaluated their effects on targeting to heavy rafts. Replacement of the polybasic membrane-proximal part of LAX by CD3ε-derived membrane-proximal part had no effect on LAX solubilization. Similarly, the membrane-proximal part of LAX, when introduced into non-raft protein CD25 did not change CD25 detergent solubility. These results indicated that membrane-proximal part of LAX is not important for LAX targeting to heavy rafts. On the other hand, the replacement of transmembrane part of CD25 by the transmembrane part of LAX resulted in targeting into heavy rafts. We also show that LAX is not S-acylated, thus palmitoylation is not involved in LAX targeting to heavy rafts. Also, covalent dimerization was excluded as a cause of targeting into heavy rafts. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We identified the transmembrane domain of LAX as a first motif targeting transmembrane protein constructs to detergent-resistant heavy rafts, a novel type of membrane microdomains containing a number of physiologically important proteins.

• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny vezikulární transportní chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• interakční proteinové domény a motivy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové mikrodomény genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• multimerizace proteinu MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adaptorové proteiny vezikulární transportní MeSH
• LAX1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

Formation of the immunological synapse between an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and a T cell leads to signal generation in both cells involved. In T cells, the lipid raft-associated transmembrane adaptor protein LAT plays a central role. Its phosphorylation is a crucial step in signal propagation, including the calcium response and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and largely depends on its association with the SLP76 adaptor protein. Here we report the discovery of a new palmitoylated transmembrane adaptor protein, termed SCIMP. SCIMP is expressed in B cells and other professional APCs and is localized in the immunological synapse due to its association with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. In B cells, it is constitutively associated with Lyn kinase and becomes tyrosine phosphorylated after major histocompatibility complex type II (MHC-II) stimulation. When phosphorylated, SCIMP binds to the SLP65 adaptor protein and also to the inhibitory kinase Csk. While the association with SLP65 initiates the downstream signaling cascades, Csk binding functions as a negative regulatory loop. The results suggest that SCIMP is involved in signal transduction after MHC-II stimulation and therefore serves as a regulator of antigen presentation and other APC functions.

• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• aktivace lymfocytů MeSH
• antigen prezentující buňky imunologie   MeSH
• B-lymfocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• C-terminální Src kinasa MeSH
• fosfoproteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• imunologické synapse chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malá interferující RNA MeSH
• membránové mikrodomény chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• membránové proteiny chemie   genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• MHC antigeny II. třídy imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• prezentace antigenu MeSH
• RNA interference MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• skupina kinas odvozených od src-genu metabolismus   MeSH
• src homologní domény MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• tyrosinkinasy chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční MeSH
• B cell linker protein MeSH Prohlížeč
• C-terminální Src kinasa MeSH
• CSK protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• fosfoproteiny MeSH
• lyn protein-tyrosine kinase MeSH Prohlížeč
• malá interferující RNA MeSH
• membránové proteiny MeSH
• MHC antigeny II. třídy MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy MeSH
• SCIMP protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• skupina kinas odvozených od src-genu MeSH
• SLP-76 signal Transducing adaptor proteins MeSH Prohlížeč
• tyrosinkinasy MeSH

Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs) are important organizers and regulators of immunoreceptor-mediated signaling. A bioinformatic search revealed several potential novel TRAPs, including a highly conserved protein, proline rich 7 (PRR7), previously described as a component of the PSD-95/N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor protein complex in postsynaptic densities (PSD) of rat neurons. Our data demonstrate that PRR7 is weakly expressed in other tissues but is readily up-regulated in activated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Transient overexpression of PRR7 in Jurkat T cell line led to gradual apoptotic death dependent on the WW domain binding motif surrounding Tyr-166 in the intracellular part of PRR7. To circumvent the pro-apoptotic effect of PRR7, we generated Jurkat clones with inducible expression of PRR7 (J-iPRR7). In these cells acute induction of PRR7 expression had a dual effect. It resulted in up-regulation of the transcription factor c-Jun and the activation marker CD69 as well as enhanced production of IL-2 after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin treatment. On the other hand, expression of PRR7 inhibited general tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium influx after T cell receptor cross-linking by antibodies. Moreover, we found PRR7 constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated and associated with Src. Collectively, these data indicate that PRR7 is a potential regulator of signaling and apoptosis in activated T cells.

• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční biosyntéza   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• aminokyselinové motivy MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Caco-2 buňky MeSH
• CD antigeny biosyntéza   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• diferenciační antigeny T-lymfocytů biosyntéza   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• fosforylace účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• interleukin-2 biosyntéza   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• ionofory farmakologie   MeSH
• ionomycin farmakologie   MeSH
• Jurkat buňky MeSH
• karcinogeny farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lektiny typu C biosyntéza   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-jun genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory antigenů T-buněk genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese fyziologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
• tetradekanoylforbolacetát farmakologie   MeSH
• U937 buňky MeSH
• vápníková signalizace účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční MeSH
• CD antigeny MeSH
• CD69 antigen MeSH Prohlížeč
• diferenciační antigeny T-lymfocytů MeSH
• IL2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukin-2 MeSH
• ionofory MeSH
• ionomycin MeSH
• karcinogeny MeSH
• lektiny typu C MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-jun MeSH
• receptory antigenů T-buněk MeSH
• tetradekanoylforbolacetát MeSH

Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) initiates a cascade of signaling events leading to release of preformed inflammatory and allergy mediators and de novo synthesis and secretion of cytokines and other compounds. The first biochemically well defined step of this signaling cascade is tyrosine phosphorylation of the FcεRI subunits by Src family kinase Lyn, followed by recruitment and activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Activity of Syk is decisive for the formation of multicomponent signaling assemblies, the signalosomes, in the vicinity of the receptors. Formation of the signalosomes is dependent on the presence of transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs). These proteins are characterized by a short extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail with various motifs serving as anchors for cytoplasmic signaling molecules. In mast cells five TRAPs have been identified [linker for activation of T cells (LAT), non-T cell activation linker (NTAL), linker for activation of X cells (LAX), phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane microdomains (PAG), and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2)-binding adaptor protein, transmembrane (GAPT)]; engagement of four of them (LAT, NTAL, LAX, and PAG) in FcεRI signaling has been documented. Here we discuss recent progress in the understanding of how TRAPs affect FcεRI-mediated mast cell signaling. The combined data indicate that individual TRAPs have irreplaceable roles in important signaling events such as calcium response, degranulation, cytokines production, and chemotaxis.

• Klíčová slova
• IgE receptor, LAT/LAT1, LAX, NTAL/Lab/LAT2, PAG/Cbp, mast cells, plasma membrane, transmembrane adaptor proteins,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Lymphocyte membrane rafts contain molecules critical for immunoreceptor signaling. Here, we report identification of a new raft-associated adaptor protein LIME (Lck-interacting molecule) expressed predominantly in T lymphocytes. LIME becomes tyrosine phosphorylated after cross-linking of the CD4 or CD8 coreceptors. Phospho-LIME associates with the Src family kinase Lck and its negative regulator, Csk. Ectopic expression of LIME in Jurkat T cells results in an increase of Csk in lipid rafts, increased phosphorylation of Lck and higher Ca2+ response to CD3 stimulation. Thus, LIME appears to be involved in regulation of T cell activation by coreceptors.

• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny vezikulární transportní genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• antigeny CD4 imunologie   MeSH
• antigeny CD8 imunologie   MeSH
• C-terminální Src kinasa MeSH
• databáze proteinů MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• komplementární DNA MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové mikrodomény imunologie   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• skupina kinas odvozených od src-genu MeSH
• tyrosinkinasa p56(lck), specifická pro lymfocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• tyrosinkinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adaptorové proteiny vezikulární transportní MeSH
• antigeny CD4 MeSH
• antigeny CD8 MeSH
• C-terminální Src kinasa MeSH
• CSK protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• komplementární DNA MeSH
• Lck-interacting protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• skupina kinas odvozených od src-genu MeSH
• tyrosinkinasa p56(lck), specifická pro lymfocyty MeSH
• tyrosinkinasy MeSH

A key molecule necessary for activation of T lymphocytes through their antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) is the transmembrane adaptor protein LAT (linker for activation of T cells). Upon TCR engagement, LAT becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated and then serves as a scaffold organizing a multicomponent complex that is indispensable for induction of further downstream steps of the signaling cascade. Here we describe the identification and preliminary characterization of a novel transmembrane adaptor protein that is structurally and evolutionarily related to LAT and is expressed in B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, and mast cells but not in resting T lymphocytes. This novel transmembrane adaptor protein, termed NTAL (non-T cell activation linker) is the product of a previously identified WBSCR5 gene of so far unknown function. NTAL becomes rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated upon cross-linking of the B cell receptor (BCR) or of high-affinity Fcgamma- and Fc epsilon -receptors of myeloid cells and then associates with the cytoplasmic signaling molecules Grb2, Sos1, Gab1, and c-Cbl. NTAL expressed in the LAT-deficient T cell line J.CaM2.5 becomes tyrosine phosphorylated and rescues activation of Erk1/2 and minimal transient elevation of cytoplasmic calcium level upon TCR/CD3 cross-linking. Thus, NTAL appears to be a structural and possibly also functional homologue of LAT in non-T cells.

• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční * MeSH
• aktivace lymfocytů MeSH
• B-lymfocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• buňky NK imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfoproteiny chemie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfoidní tkáň cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• membránové mikrodomény chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• membránové proteiny chemie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• monocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši MeSH
• proteiny * MeSH
• receptory antigenů B-buněk metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory Fc metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory IgE metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory IgG metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• transportní proteiny chemie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční * MeSH
• fosfoproteiny MeSH
• LAT protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• Lat protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• LAT2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• LAT2 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• membránové proteiny MeSH
• proteiny * MeSH
• receptory antigenů B-buněk MeSH
• receptory Fc MeSH
• receptory IgE MeSH
• receptory IgG MeSH
• transportní proteiny MeSH