Research on animal venoms and their components spans multiple disciplines, including biology, biochemistry, bioinformatics, pharmacology, medicine, and more. Manipulating and analyzing the diverse array of data required for venom research can be challenging, and relevant tools and resources are often dispersed across different online platforms, making them less accessible to nonexperts. In this article, we address the multifaceted needs of the scientific community involved in venom and toxin-related research by identifying and discussing web resources, databases, and tools commonly used in this field. We have compiled these resources into a comprehensive table available on the VenomZone website (https://venomzone.expasy.org/10897). Furthermore, we highlight the challenges currently faced by researchers in accessing and using these resources and emphasize the importance of community-driven interdisciplinary approaches. We conclude by underscoring the significance of enhancing standards, promoting interoperability, and encouraging data and method sharing within the venom research community.

• Klíčová slova
• antivenom, drug discovery, genomics, machine learning, peptidomics, proteomics, toxin databases, transcriptomics, venom resources,
• MeSH
• big data * MeSH
• databáze faktografické MeSH
• internet * MeSH
• výpočetní biologie * metody   MeSH
• živočišné jedy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• živočišné jedy * MeSH

We studied the genetic variability of serine protease inhibitors (serpins) of Myxozoa, microscopic endoparasites of fish. Myxozoans affect the health of both farmed and wild fish populations, causing diseases and mortalities. Despite their global impact, no effective protection exists against these parasites. Serpins were reported as important factors for host invasion and immune evasion, and as promising targets for the development of antiparasitic therapies. For the first time, we identified and aligned serpin sequences from high throughput sequencing datasets of ten myxozoan species, and analyzed 146 serpins from this parasite group together with those of other taxa phylogenetically, to explore their relationship and origins. High intra- and interspecific variability was detected among the examined serpins. The average sequence identity was 25-30% only. The conserved domains (i.e., motif and signature) showed taxon-level differences. Serpins clustered according to taxonomy rather than to serpin types, and myxozoan serpins seemed to be highly divergent from that of other taxa. None of them clustered with their closest relative free-living cnidarians. The genetic distinction of myxozoan serpins further strengthens the idea of an independent origin of Myxozoa, and may indicate novel protein functions potentially related to parasitism in this animal group.

• Klíčová slova
• conserved domains, free-living Cnidaria, microscopic parasite, phylogeny, serpins, signature, therapeutic target,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The tremendous diversity of Hymenoptera is commonly attributed to the evolution of parasitoidism in the last common ancestor of parasitoid sawflies (Orussidae) and wasp-waisted Hymenoptera (Apocrita). However, Apocrita and Orussidae differ dramatically in their species richness, indicating that the diversification of Apocrita was promoted by additional traits. These traits have remained elusive due to a paucity of sawfly genome sequences, in particular those of parasitoid sawflies. Here, we present comparative analyses of draft genomes of the primarily phytophagous sawfly Athalia rosae and the parasitoid sawfly Orussus abietinus. Our analyses revealed that the ancestral hymenopteran genome exhibited traits that were previously considered unique to eusocial Apocrita (e.g., low transposable element content and activity) and a wider gene repertoire than previously thought (e.g., genes for CO2 detection). Moreover, we discovered that Apocrita evolved a significantly larger array of odorant receptors than sawflies, which could be relevant to the remarkable diversification of Apocrita by enabling efficient detection and reliable identification of hosts.

• Klíčová slova
• hexamerin, major royal jelly protein, microsynteny, odorant receptor, opsin, phytophagy,
• MeSH
• býložravci genetika   MeSH
• genom hmyzu * MeSH
• genová dávka MeSH
• glykoproteiny genetika   MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny genetika   MeSH
• Hymenoptera genetika   MeSH
• imunita genetika   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita genetika   MeSH
• konzervovaná sekvence MeSH
• multigenová rodina MeSH
• receptory pachové genetika   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) * MeSH
• zrak genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glykoproteiny MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny MeSH
• MRJP1 protein, Apis mellifera MeSH Prohlížeč
• receptory pachové MeSH
• storage proteins, Insecta MeSH Prohlížeč
• transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH

ADAR RNA editing enzymes (adenosine deaminases acting on RNA) that convert adenosine bases to inosines were first identified biochemically 30 years ago. Since then, studies on ADARs in genetic model organisms, and evolutionary comparisons between them, continue to reveal a surprising range of pleiotropic biological effects of ADARs. This review focuses on Drosophila melanogaster, which has a single Adar gene encoding a homolog of vertebrate ADAR2 that site-specifically edits hundreds of transcripts to change individual codons in ion channel subunits and membrane and cytoskeletal proteins. Drosophila ADAR is involved in the control of neuronal excitability and neurodegeneration and, intriguingly, in the control of neuronal plasticity and sleep. Drosophila ADAR also interacts strongly with RNA interference, a key antiviral defense mechanism in invertebrates. Recent crystal structures of human ADAR2 deaminase domain-RNA complexes help to interpret available information on Drosophila ADAR isoforms and on the evolution of ADARs from tRNA deaminase ADAT proteins. ADAR RNA editing is a paradigm for the now rapidly expanding range of RNA modifications in mRNAs and ncRNAs. Even with recent progress, much remains to be understood about these groundbreaking ADAR RNA modification systems.

• Klíčová slova
• ADAR, Drosophila melanogaster, RNA editing, RNA modification, dsRNA, epitranscriptome,
• MeSH
• adenosindeaminasa chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Drosophila melanogaster genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• editace RNA * MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• interakční proteinové domény a motivy MeSH
• izoenzymy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• nervový systém metabolismus   MeSH
• obratlovci MeSH
• proteiny Drosophily genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny vázající RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA interference MeSH
• substrátová specifita MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• Adar protein, Drosophila MeSH Prohlížeč
• adenosindeaminasa MeSH
• izoenzymy MeSH
• messenger RNA MeSH
• proteiny Drosophily MeSH
• proteiny vázající RNA MeSH

Formation of all metazoan bodies is controlled by a group of selector genes including homeobox genes, highly conserved across the entire animal kingdom. The homeobox genes from Pou and Six classes are key members of the regulation cascades determining development of sensory organs, nervous system, gonads and muscles. Besides using common bilaterian models, more attention has recently been targeted at the identification and characterization of these genes within the basal metazoan phyla. Cnidaria as a diploblastic sister group to bilateria with simple and yet specialized organs are suitable models for studies on the sensory organ origin and the associated role of homeobox genes. In this work, Pou and Six homeobox genes, together with a broad range of other sensory-specific transcription factors, were identified in the transcriptome of hydrozoan jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi. Phylogenetic analyses of Pou and Six proteins revealed cnidarian-specific sequence motifs and contributed to the classification of individual factors. The majority of the Craspedacusta sowerbyi Pou and Six homeobox genes are predominantly expressed in statocysts, manubrium and nerve ring, the tissues with sensory and nervous activities. The described diversity and expression patterns of Pou and Six factors in hydrozoan jellyfish highlight their evolutionarily conserved functions. This study extends the knowledge of the cnidarian genome complexity and shows that the transcriptome of hydrozoan jellyfish is generally rich in homeodomain transcription factors employed in the regulation of sensory and nervous functions.

• MeSH
• faktory domény POU chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• Hydrozoa genetika   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• orgánová specificita MeSH
• terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
• transkriptom * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• faktory domény POU MeSH

Animal eyes are morphologically diverse. Their assembly, however, always relies on the same basic principle, i.e., photoreceptors located in the vicinity of dark shielding pigment. Cnidaria as the likely sister group to the Bilateria are the earliest branching phylum with a well developed visual system. Here, we show that camera-type eyes of the cubozoan jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora, use genetic building blocks typical of vertebrate eyes, namely, a ciliary phototransduction cascade and melanogenic pathway. Our findings indicative of parallelism provide an insight into eye evolution. Combined, the available data favor the possibility that vertebrate and cubozoan eyes arose by independent recruitment of orthologous genes during evolution.

• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• Cercopithecus aethiops MeSH
• cilie metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• COS buňky MeSH
• Cubozoa růst a vývoj   MeSH
• fotoreceptory bezobratlých cytologie   metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• krystaliny metabolismus   MeSH
• melaniny metabolismus   MeSH
• messenger RNA MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• obratlovci růst a vývoj   MeSH
• oči cytologie   růst a vývoj   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• oční čočka metabolismus   MeSH
• pigmentace MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• sekvenční homologie nukleových kyselin MeSH
• transkripční faktor spojený s mikroftalmií genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• tyčinkové opsiny metabolismus   MeSH
• zrak genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krystaliny MeSH
• melaniny MeSH
• messenger RNA MeSH
• transkripční faktor spojený s mikroftalmií MeSH
• tyčinkové opsiny MeSH