Species richness and similarity in metazoan parasite communities of fish can be influenced by several biotic (age, body size, vagility, social and feeding behaviour, among others), and local abiotic factors (temperature, salinity, climatic events, etc.). The parasite communities of ten species of the family Carangidae from Acapulco Bay, Mexico, were quantified and analysed between May 2014 and August 2024. A total of 1,148 fish specimens were examined and 78 parasite species were identified (44 endoparasites and 34 species of ectoparasites). At the component community level, species richness ranged from 11 in Euprepocaranx dorsalis (Gill) to 27 in Caranx caninus Günther. Parasite communities were dominated mainly by monogenean species. The richness and parasite species composition differed between the ten species of host. The habitat type, body size and host diet variety were the main factors responsible of these differences. Similarity in species composition varied even between hosts of the same genus, suggesting that phylogenetic relatedness and sympatry were not important determinants of parasite communities in these carangid fish. Therefore, host ecology has a greater influence on the structure and species composition of parasite communities than its phylogenetic history.

• Keywords
• Acapulco Bay, Mexico, determinants of species richness, heteroxenous/monoxenous, marine fish, parasite fauna,
• MeSH
• Biodiversity * MeSH
• Ecosystem MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Fish Diseases * parasitology   epidemiology   MeSH
• Parasitic Diseases, Animal * parasitology   epidemiology   MeSH
• Parasites * classification   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Fishes * parasitology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Mexico epidemiology   MeSH
• Pacific Ocean MeSH

Monogenea (Platyhelminthes), mainly gill and fin ectoparasites of fish, are often recognized as host specific and morphologically and ecologically diverse. These parasites exhibit high species diversity at the level of host species or individual fish specimens. Using case studies, especially those widely performed in Dactylogyrus parasitizing cyprinoid fish, this article presents current knowledge on the ecology and evolution of congeneric gill monogeneans. The important aspects of the ecology of congeneric monogeneans are highlighted, in particular: host specificity expressed at several host levels (from strict specificity to phylogenetic specificity), microhabitat specificity expressed by restricted positions on fish gills to facilitate intraspecific mating, and the link between microhabitat preference and morphological adaptation (i.e., sclerotized structures of the haptor) or reproductive isolation. From the evolutionary perspective, this study focused on the processes of the speciation and diversification of congeneric monogeneans, highlighting the role of host switch as the most prominent coevolutionary event, accompanied in some cases mostly by intrahost speciation or cospeciation, as revealed by cophylogenetic studies. Here, important knowledge on evolutionary patterns of host specificity, microhabitat specificity, and morphological adaptation is presented. Host-specific monogeneans may represent an important tool for studying the historical biogeography of their hosts. Specifically, in the case of freshwater fish hosts exhibiting disjunctive distribution, they reflect both historical and contemporary contacts. The role of host-specific congeneric monogeneans in revealing historical intercontinental and intracontinental contacts between freshwater fish is highlighted. Finally, the importance of the role of genetic coadaptation, limiting the presence of host-specific monogeneans in hybrid fish, is emphasized.

TITLE: Monogènes spécifiques à leur hôte parasitant les poissons d’eau douce : écologie et évolution des associations hôtes-parasites. ABSTRACT: Les Monogènes (Plathelminthes), principalement ectoparasites des branchies et des nageoires des poissons, sont souvent reconnus comme spécifiques à leur hôte et diversifiés morphologiquement et écologiquement. Ces parasites présentent une grande diversité d’espèces au niveau des espèces hôtes ou des spécimens individuels de poissons. À l’aide d’études de cas (en particulier celles largement réalisées chez les Dactylogyrus parasitant les poissons cyprinoïdes), les connaissances actuelles sur l’écologie et l’évolution des monogènes branchiaux congénères sont présentées. Les aspects importants de l’écologie des monogènes congénères sont mis en évidence, en particulier la spécificité à l’hôte exprimée à plusieurs niveaux de l’hôte (de la spécificité stricte à la spécificité phylogénétique), la spécificité du microhabitat exprimée par des positions restreintes sur les branchies des poissons pour faciliter l’accouplement intraspécifique, et le lien entre la préférence du microhabitat et l’adaptation morphologique (c’est-à-dire les structures sclérifiées du hapteur) ou l’isolement reproductif. Du point de vue évolutif, l’étude a été concentrée sur les processus de spéciation et de diversification des monogènes congénères, soulignant le rôle du changement d’hôte comme l’événement coévolutif le plus important, accompagné surtout dans certains cas de spéciation ou de cospéciation intra-hôte, comme le révèlent les études cophylogénétiques. Des connaissances importantes sont présentées ici sur les modèles évolutifs de spécificité d’hôte, de spécificité de microhabitat et d’adaptation morphologique. Les monogènes spécifiques à l’hôte peuvent représenter un outil important pour étudier la biogéographie historique de leurs hôtes. Plus précisément, dans le cas des poissons d’eau douce hôtes présentant une distribution disjonctive, ils reflètent à la fois des contacts historiques et contemporains. Le rôle des monogènes congénères spécifiques à leur hôte dans la révélation des contacts intercontinentaux et intracontinentaux historiques entre poissons d’eau douce est mis en évidence. Enfin, l’importance du rôle de la coadaptation génétique limitant la présence de monogènes spécifiques à l’hôte chez les poissons hybrides est soulignée.

• Keywords
• Fish parasites, Genetic coadaptation, Host specificity, Host-parasite coevolution, Monogeneans, Species coexistence,
• MeSH
• Biological Evolution * MeSH
• Species Specificity MeSH
• Ecosystem MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Host Specificity * MeSH
• Trematode Infections veterinary   parasitology   MeSH
• Host-Parasite Interactions * MeSH
• Fish Diseases * parasitology   MeSH
• Platyhelminths physiology   classification   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Fishes parasitology   MeSH
• Fresh Water * parasitology   MeSH
• Trematoda physiology   classification   genetics   MeSH
• Gills * parasitology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Monogenean parasites are often co-introduced with their fish hosts into novel areas. This study confirmed co-introduction of two dactylogyrids, Dactylogyrus squameus Gusev, 1955 and Bivaginogyrus obscurus (Gusev, 1955), and a newly described gyrodactylid species, Gyrodactylus pseudorasborae n. sp. into Europe along with their fish host, the invasive topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel) from East Asia. All three species were observed in the lower Dnieper and middle Danube basin regions and had slightly larger haptoral hard parts than the same parasites in their native range. While dactylogyrids occurred sporadically, we recorded regular infection by G. pseudorasborae n. sp. at relatively high prevalence and abundance. This latter species was observed in both the native and non-native range of topmouth gudgeon, and resembles Gyrodactylus parvae You et al., 2008 recently described from P. parva in China. Both species were distinguished based on genetic analysis of their ITS rDNA sequence (6.6% difference), and morphometric differences in the marginal hooks and male copulatory organ. Phylogenetic analysis of dactylogyrid monogeneans showed that B. obscurus clustered with Dactylogyrus species parasitising Gobionidae and Xenocyprididae, including D. squameus, supporting recent suggestions of a paraphyletic origin of the Dactylogyrus genus. In addition to co-introduced parasites, topmouth gudgeon was infected with a local generalist, G. prostae Ergens, 1964, increasing the number of monogeneans acquired in Europe to three species. Nevertheless, monogenean infections were generally lower in non-native host populations, potentially giving an advantage to invading topmouth gudgeon.

TITLE: Les parasites d’un envahisseur à succès : les monogènes du goujon asiatique Pseudorasbora parva, avec description d’une nouvelle espèce de Gyrodactylus. ABSTRACT: Les parasites monogènes sont souvent co-introduits avec leurs hôtes poissons dans de nouvelles zones. Cette étude a confirmé la co-introduction de deux Dactylogyridae, Dactylogyrus squameus Gusev, 1955 et Bivaginogyrus obscurus (Gusev, 1955), et d’une espèce de Gyrodactylidae nouvellement décrite, Gyrodactylus pseudorasborae n. sp. en Europe, en même temps que leur hôte poisson, le goujon envahissant Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel) qui vient d’Asie de l’Est. Les trois espèces ont été observées dans les régions du bas Dniepr et du bassin moyen du Danube et avaient des parties sclérifiées haptorales légèrement plus grandes que les mêmes parasites dans leur aire de répartition d’origine. Alors que les Dactylogyridae étaient rares, nous avons enregistré une infection régulière par G. pseudorasborae n. sp. à une prévalence et une abondance relativement élevées. Cette dernière espèce a été observée à la fois dans l’aire de répartition indigène et non indigène du goujon asiatique et ressemble à Gyrodactylus parvae You et al., 2008 récemment décrit chez P. parva en Chine. Les deux espèces ont été distinguées sur la base de l’analyse génétique de leur séquence ITS de l’ADNr (différence de 6,6 %) et des différences morphométriques dans les crochets marginaux et l’organe copulateur mâle. L’analyse phylogénétique des monogènes Dactylogyridae a montré que B. obscurus se regroupait avec des espèces de Dactylogyrus parasitant les Gobionidae et les Xenocyprididae, y compris D. squameus, soutenant les suggestions récentes d’une origine paraphylétique du genre Dactylogyrus. En plus des parasites co-introduits, le goujon asiatique était infecté par un généraliste local, G. prostae Ergens, 1964, portant le nombre de monogènes acquis en Europe à trois espèces. Néanmoins, les infections par les monogènes étaient généralement plus faibles dans les populations d’hôtes non indigènes, donnant potentiellement un avantage à l’invasion du goujon asiatique.

• Keywords
• Bivaginogyrus, Monogenea, New species, Parasite loss, Phylogeny, Species invasion,
• MeSH
• Cyprinidae * parasitology   MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Cypriniformes * MeSH
• Fish Diseases * epidemiology   parasitology   MeSH
• Parasites * MeSH
• Trematoda * genetics   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Little phylogeographic structure is presumed for highly mobile species in pelagic zones. Lake Tanganyika is a unique ecosystem with a speciose and largely endemic fauna famous for its remarkable evolutionary history. In bathybatine cichlid fishes, the pattern of lake-wide population differentiation differs among species. We assessed the congruence between the phylogeographic structure of bathybatine cichlids and their parasitic flatworm Cichlidogyrus casuarinus to test the magnifying glass hypothesis. Additionally, we evaluated the use of a PoolSeq approach to study intraspecific variation in dactylogyrid monogeneans. The lake-wide population structure of C. casuarinus ex Hemibates stenosoma was assessed based on a portion of the cox1 gene combined with morphological characterisation. Additionally, intraspecific mitogenomic variation among 80 parasite samples from one spatially constrained metapopulation was assessed using shotgun NGS. While no clear geographic genetic structure was detected in parasites, both geographic and host-related phenotypic variation was apparent. The incongruence with the genetic north-south gradient observed in H. stenosoma may be explained by the broad host range of this flatworm including eupelagic bathybatine host species that form panmictic populations across the lake. In addition, we present the first parasite mitogenome from Lake Tanganyika and propose a methodological framework for studying the intraspecific mitogenomic variation of dactylogyrid monogeneans.

• Keywords
• Bathybatini, Cichlidogyrus, PoolSeq, cox1, monogenea,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: Monogenea van Beneden, 1858 is a group of parasitic flatworms, commonly found infecting bony fish. Several genera, such as Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960, are reported to include potential pathogenic species that can negatively impact aquaculture fish stocks. They can switch from introduced to native fish and vice versa. In Africa (and all over the world), fish species belonging to Cichlidae are often kept in aquaculture and represent a major source of food. Thus, research on the biodiversity and occurrence of monogenean species on these fish is of importance for aquaculture and conservation. The present study is a survey of the diversity of species of Cichlidogyrus in the south of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) on three cichlid species: Orthochromis sp. 'Lomami', Serranochromis cf. macrocephalus, and Tilapia sparrmanii Smith, 1840. METHODS: Specimens of Cichlidogyrus were isolated from the gills and mounted on glass slides with Hoyer's medium. The genital and haptoral hard parts were measured and drawn using interference contrast. RESULTS: In total, six species of Cichlidogyrus were found, all new to science: C. bulbophallus n. sp. and C. pseudozambezensis n. sp. on S. cf. macrocephalus, C. flagellum n. sp. and C. lobus n. sp. on T. sparrmanii, C. ranula n. sp. on S. cf. macrocephalus and Orthochromis sp. 'Lomami', and C. maeander n. sp. found on Orthochromis sp. 'Lomami' and T. sparrmanii. The first four species are considered to be strict specialists, C. ranula n. sp. an intermediate generalist and C. maeander n. sp. a generalist. These parasite species show morphological similarities to species found in the Lower Guinea and Zambezi ichthyofaunal provinces, which might be explained by past river capture events between river systems of the Congo Province and both these regions. CONCLUSIONS: Serranochromis cf. macrocephalus and Orthochromis sp. 'Lomami' can harbour respectively three and two species of Cichlidogyrus, all described in this study. Tilapia sparrmanii can harbour seven species, of which three are described in the present study. These results highlight the species diversity of this parasite genus in the Congo Basin.

• Keywords
• Africa, Cichlidae, Cichlidogyrus, DRC, Diversity, Monogenea, Orthochromis, Serranochromis, Tilapia,
• MeSH
• Biodiversity MeSH
• Cichlids parasitology   MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Classification * MeSH
• Coinfection parasitology   MeSH
• Fish Diseases parasitology   MeSH
• Rivers parasitology   MeSH
• Fish Products parasitology   MeSH
• Fishes MeSH
• Tilapia parasitology   MeSH
• Trematoda anatomy & histology   classification   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Aquaculture MeSH
• Gills parasitology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

The Lower Congo Basin is characterized by a mangrove-lined estuary at its mouth and, further upstream, by many hydrogeographical barriers such as rapids and narrow gorges. Five localities in the mangroves and four from (upstream) left bank tributaries or pools were sampled. On the gills of Coptodon tholloni, Coptodon rendalli, Hemichromis elongatus, Hemichromis stellifer and Tylochromis praecox, 17 species of parasites (Dactylogyridae & Gyrodactylidae, Monogenea) were found, eight of which are new to science. Six of these are herein described: Cichlidogyrus bixlerzavalai n. sp. and Cichlidogyrus omari n. sp. from T. praecox, Cichlidogyrus calycinus n. sp. and Cichlidogyrus polyenso n. sp. from H. elongatus, Cichlidogyrus kmentovae n. sp. from H. stellifer and Onchobdella ximenae n. sp. from both species of Hemichromis. On Cichlidogyrus reversati a ridge on the accessory piece was discovered that connects to the basal bulb of the penis. We report a putative spillback effect of the native parasites Cichlidogyrus berradae, Cichlidogyrus cubitus and Cichlidogyrus flexicolpos from C. tholloni to the introduced C. rendalli. From our results, we note that the parasite fauna of Lower Congo has a higher affinity with the fauna of West African and nearby freshwater ecoregions than it has with fauna of other regions of the Congo Basin and Central Africa.

Le cours du Bas Congo est caractérisé par un estuaire bordé de mangroves et, plus en amont, par de nombreuses barrières hydro-géographiques formées de rapides ou de gorges étroites. Nous avons échantillonné dans cinq localités au niveau des mangroves et dans quatre autres en amont sur la rive gauche du fleuve, dans des affluents ou des étangs. Nous avons trouvé, sur les branchies de Coptodon tholloni, Coptodon rendalli, Hemichromis elongatus, Hemichromis stellifer et Tylochromis praecox, 17 espèces de parasites (Dactylogyridae et Gyrodactylidae, Monogenea), dont huit sont nouvelles pour la science. Six d’entre elles sont décrites ici : Cichlidogyrus bixlerzavalai n. sp. et Cichlidogyrus omari n. sp. sur T. praecox, Cichlidogyrus calycinus n. sp. et Cichlidogyrus polyenso n. sp. sur H. elongatus, Cichlidogyrus kmentovae n. sp. sur H. stellifer et Onchobdella ximenae n. sp. sur les deux espèces d’Hemichromis. Nous décrivons, chez Cichlidogyrus reversati, une arête sur la pièce accessoire qui la connecte avec l’ampoule basale basal du pénis. Nous notons un probable transfert latéral des espèces autochtones Cichlidogyrus berradae, Cichlidogyrus cubitus et Cichlidogyrus flexicolpos de C. tholloni vers l’espèce introduite C. rendalli. Nos résultats montrent que la faune parasitaire du Bas Congo présente plus d’affinités avec les faunes d’Afrique de l’Ouest ou des écorégions d’eau douce voisines, qu’avec celles des autres parties du bassin du Congo ou de l’Afrique Centrale.

• MeSH
• Biodiversity MeSH
• Cichlids anatomy & histology   parasitology   MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Phylogeography MeSH
• Trematode Infections epidemiology   parasitology   veterinary   MeSH
• Fish Diseases epidemiology   parasitology   MeSH
• Platyhelminths classification   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Fresh Water parasitology   MeSH
• Gills parasitology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Congo epidemiology   MeSH

Dactylogyrid monogeneans of Labeo horie Heckel, 1847 and L. niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cyprinidae) were surveyed at two sites on the River Nile in Sudan. The present study reports the presence of ten species of Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 and three species of Dogielius Bychowsky, 1936 based on a morphometric evaluation of the sclerotised structures. The species found include: Dactylogyrus nathaliae Guégan, Lambert & Euzet, 1988; D. rastellus Guégan, Lambert & Euzet, 1988; D. retroversus Guégan, Lambert & Euzet, 1988; D. senegalensis Paperna, 1969, D. yassensis Musilová, Řehulková & Gelnar, 2009 and five other undescribed species of Dactylogyrus. The genus Dogielius was represented by Dogielius flosculus Guégan, Lambert & Euzet, 1989; the newly identified D. sennarensis n. sp., and one undescribed Dogielius species. While D. sennarensis n. sp. resembles D. intorquens, it differs from this species and other congeners by having a longer ventral bar and anchor points and nosclerotised vagina. In addition, this study redescribes D. flosculus based on the morphology of specimens collected from L. horie. All specimens studied had a single large vagina, in contrast to the original description which reported a vagina composed of two unconnected parts. All dactylogyrid species in this study represent new host and geographical records.

• Keywords
• Dactylogyridae, Dactylogyrus, Dogielius, River Nile, Sudan,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: The host specificity of fish parasites is considered a useful parasite characteristic with respect to understanding the biogeography of their fish hosts. Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 (Monogenea) includes common parasites of cyprinids exhibiting different degrees of host specificity, i.e. from strict specialism to generalism. The phylogenetic relationships and historical dispersions of several cyprinid lineages, including Aulopyge huegelii Heckel, 1843, are still unclear. Therefore, the aims of our study were to investigate (i) the Dactylogyrus spp. parasites of A. huegelii, and (ii) the phylogenetic relationships of Dactylogyrus spp. parasitizing A. huegelii as a possible tool for understanding the phylogenetic position of this fish species within the Cyprininae lineage. RESULTS: Two species of Dactylogyrus, D. vastator Nybelin, 1924 and D. omenti n. sp., were collected from 14 specimens of A. huegelii from the Šujica River (Bosnia and Herzegovina). While D. vastator is a typical species parasitizing Carassius spp. and Cyprinus carpio L, D. omenti n. sp. is, according to phylogenetic reconstruction, closely related to Dactylogyrus species infecting European species of Barbus and Luciobarbus. The genetic distance revealed that the sequence for D. vastator from A. huegelii is identical with that for D. vastator from Barbus plebejus Bonaparte, 1839 (Italy) and Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) (Croatia). Dactylogyrus omenti n. sp. was described as a species new to science. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the phylogenetic position of A. huegelii within the Cyprininae lineage and suggest that A. huegelii is phylogenetically closely related to Barbus and Luciobarbus species. The morphological similarity between D. omenti n. sp. and Dactylogyrus species of Middle Eastern Barbus suggests historical contact between cyprinid species recently living in allopatry and the possible diversification of A. huegelii from a common ancestor in this area. On other hand, the genetic similarity between D. vastator ex A. huegelii and D. vastator ex C. gibelio collected in Balkan Peninsula suggests that A. huegelii was secondarily parasitized by D. vastator, originating from C. gibelio after introduction of this fish species from Asia to Europe.

• Keywords
• Aulopyge, Coevolution, Cyprininae, Dactylogyrus, Host specificity, Phylogeography,
• MeSH
• Cyprinidae classification   parasitology   MeSH
• Species Specificity MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Phylogeography MeSH
• Host Specificity * MeSH
• Trematode Infections parasitology   veterinary   MeSH
• Fish Diseases parasitology   MeSH
• Trematoda classification   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Asia MeSH
• Bosnia and Herzegovina MeSH
• Croatia MeSH
• Italy MeSH

Generalist parasites have the capacity to infect multiple hosts. The temporal pattern of host specificity by generalist parasites is rarely studied, but is critical to understanding what variables underpin infection and thereby the impact of parasites on host species and the way they impose selection on hosts. Here, the temporal dynamics of infection of four species of freshwater mussel by European bitterling fish (Rhodeus amarus) was investigated over three spawning seasons. Bitterling lay their eggs in the gills of freshwater mussels, which suffer reduced growth, oxygen stress, gill damage and elevated mortality as a result of parasitism. The temporal pattern of infection of mussels by European bitterling in multiple populations was examined. Using a Bernoulli Generalized Additive Mixed Model with Bayesian inference it was demonstrated that one mussel species, Unio pictorum, was exploited over the entire bitterling spawning season. As the season progressed, bitterling showed a preference for other mussel species, which were inferior hosts. Temporal changes in host use reflected elevated density-dependent mortality in preferred hosts that were already infected. Plasticity in host specificity by bitterling conformed with the predictions of the host selection hypothesis. The relationship between bitterling and their host mussels differs qualitatively from that of avian brood parasites.

• Keywords
• Brood parasite, Host–parasite co-evolution, Oviposition, Spawning site, Superparasitism,
• MeSH
• Bayes Theorem MeSH
• Cyprinidae MeSH
• Host Specificity * MeSH
• Host-Parasite Interactions * MeSH
• Parasites MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Lake Tanganyika is well-known for its high species-richness and rapid radiation processes. Its assemblage of cichlid fishes recently gained momentum as a framework to study parasite ecology and evolution. It offers a rare chance to investigate the influence of a deepwater lifestyle in a freshwater fish-parasite system. Our study represents the first investigation of parasite intraspecific genetic structure related to host specificity in the lake. It focused on the monogenean flatworm Cichlidogyrus casuarinus infecting deepwater cichlids belonging to Bathybates and Hemibates. Morphological examination of C. casuarinus had previously suggested a broad host range, while the lake's other Cichlidogyrus species are usually host specific. However, ongoing speciation or cryptic diversity could not be excluded. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we analysed intraspecific diversity of C. casuarinus. Monogeneans from nearly all representatives of the host genera were examined using morphometrics, geomorphometrics and genetics. We confirmed the low host-specificity of C. casuarinus based on morphology and nuclear DNA. Yet, intraspecific variation of sclerotized structures was observed. Nevertheless, the highly variable mitochondrial DNA indicated recent population expansion, but no ongoing parasite speciation, confirming, for the first time in freshwater, reduced parasite host specificity in the deepwater realm, probably an adaptation to low host availability.

• MeSH
• Principal Component Analysis MeSH
• Bayes Theorem MeSH
• Biological Evolution MeSH
• Cichlids genetics   parasitology   MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Genetic Variation MeSH
• Haplotypes MeSH
• Host Specificity MeSH
• Lakes MeSH
• Parasites genetics   MeSH
• Platyhelminths genetics   MeSH
• Population Dynamics MeSH
• Gills parasitology   MeSH
• Geography MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Tanzania MeSH