Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been already proposed by several authors for estimating the consumption of drugs, mainly the illicit ones. However, not much information is available about the actual reliability of this tool given the absence of comparison with the actual consumption. This work aims to evaluate the reliability of the WBE as a tool for estimating the consumption of pharmaceuticals in urban area. Measured consumption back-calculated with a WBE approach was compared with prescription of pharmaceutical products as "control." Moreover, seasonal influence on (i) pharmaceutical consumption, (ii) load of pharmaceutical products in the sewer system, and (iii) reliability of WBE was evaluated. Ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, metoprolol, carbamazepine, and citalopram were estimated by WBE with a difference respect to the "control" value lower than 0.2 order of magnitude while only trimethoprim and sotalol exceeded the 0.5 order of magnitude of difference but below the 1 order of magnitude. Sedatives were the best represented by WBE (on average 0.15 order of magnitude of difference compared to prescription data). However, further studies are suggested to fully estimate the influence of the type of APs on the reliability of the WBE. Seasonal patterns were found for the load of ciprofloxacin in the sewer and for the consumption of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim by population but seasonal changes did not have a significant impact (p > 0.05) on the reliability of WBE. Despite some gaps remained to optimize the reliability of the tool, WBE can be considered a valid method to estimate the consumption of prescribed drugs from the analysis of the sewer system.

• Klíčová slova
• Drug consumption, Emerging contaminants, Pharmaceutical products, Seasonal patterns, WBE, Wastewater treatment plant,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza   MeSH
• ciprofloxacin MeSH
• epidemiologie odpadních vod * MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• sulfamethoxazol MeSH
• trimethoprim MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• ciprofloxacin MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH
• sulfamethoxazol MeSH
• trimethoprim MeSH

Global climate changes cause water scarcity in many regions, and the sustainable use of recycled water appears crucial, especially in agriculture. However, potentially hazardous compounds such as pharmaceuticals can enter the food chain and pose severe risks. This paper aims to study the presence of selected pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) and their metabolites in crops grown in aeroponic conditions and evaluate the potential of PhAC plant uptake. A solvent extraction with an acidified mixture of acetonitrile and water followed by LC-HRMS was developed and validated for quantifying nine pharmaceuticals and their nine metabolites in three plants. We aimed for a robust method with a wide linear range because an extensive concentration range in different matrices was expected. The developed method proved rapid and reliable determination of selected pharmaceuticals in plants in the wide concentration range of 10 to 20,000 ng g-1 and limit of detection range 0.4 to 9.0 ng g-1. The developed method was used to study the uptake and translocation of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in plant tissues from an aeroponic experiment at three different pH levels. Carbamazepine accumulated more in the leaves of spinach than in arugula. On the other hand, sulfamethoxazole and clindamycin evinced higher accumulation in roots than in leaves, comparable in both plants. The expected effect of pH on plants' uptake was not significant.

• Klíčová slova
• Extraction, Pharmaceutical, Plant uptake, Soil pollution,
• MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• voda MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny * MeSH
• zemědělství * metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• voda MeSH

The accumulation of six pharmaceuticals of different therapeutic uses has been thoroughly investigated and compared between onion, spinach, and radish plants grown in six soil types. While neutral molecules (e.g., carbamazepine (CAR) and some of its metabolites) were efficiently accumulated and easily translocated to the plant leaves (onion > radish > spinach), the same for ionic (both anionic and cationic) molecules seems to be minor to moderate. The maximum accumulation of CAR crosses 38,000 (onion), 42,000 (radish), and 7000 (spinach) ng g-1 (dry weight) respectively, in which the most majority of them happened within the plant leaves. Among the metabolites, the accumulation of carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (EPC - a primary CAR metabolite) was approximately 19,000 (onion), 7000 (radish), and 6000 (spinach) ng g-1 (dry weight) respectively. This trend was considerably similar even when all these pharmaceuticals applied together. The accumulation of most other molecules (e.g., citalopram, clindamycin, clindamycin sulfoxide, fexofenadine, irbesartan, and sulfamethoxazole) was restricted to plant roots, except for certain cases (e.g., clindamycin and clindamycin sulfoxide in onion leaves). Our results clearly demonstrated the potential role of this accumulation process on the entrance of pharmaceuticals/metabolites into the food chain, which eventually becomes a threat to associated living biota.

• Klíčová slova
• Metabolism, Pharmaceutical accumulation, Pharmaceuticals, Plant-dependent transformation of pharmaceuticals, Plants, Root uptake, Soils, Translocation of pharmaceuticals in plant,
• MeSH
• česneky MeSH
• klindamycin metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * analýza   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky metabolismus   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• Raphanus * metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Spinacia oleracea metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• klindamycin MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• půda MeSH

Raney Al-Ni contains 62% of Ni2Al3 and 38% NiAl3 crystalline phases. Its applicability has been studied within an effective hydrodehalogenation of hardly biodegradable anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac in model aqueous concentrates and, subsequently, even in real hospital wastewater with the aim of transforming them into easily biodegradable products. In model aqueous solution, complete hydrodechlorination of 2 mM aqueous diclofenac solution (0.59 g L-1) yielding the 2-anilinophenylacetate was achieved in less than 50 min at room temperature and ambient pressure using only 9.7 g L-1 of KOH and 1.65 g L-1 of Raney Al-Ni alloy. The dissolving of Al during the hydrodehalogenation process is accompanied by complete consumption of NiAl3 crystalline phase and partial depletion of Ni2Al3. A comparison of the hydrodehalogenation ability of a mixture of diclofenac and other widely used halogenated aromatic or heterocyclic biocides in model aqueous solution using Al-Ni was performed to verify the high hydrodehalogenation activity for each of the used halogenated contaminants. Remarkably, the robustness of Al-Ni-based hydrodehalogenation was demonstrated even for the removal of non-biodegradable diclofenac in real hospital wastewater with high chloride and nitrate content. After removal of the insoluble part of the Al-Ni for subsequent hydrometallurgical recycling, the low quantity of residual Ni was removed together with insoluble Al(OH)3 obtained after neutralization of aqueous filtrate by filtration.

• Klíčová slova
• NaBH4, biocide, drug, hydrometallurgy, nickel alloy, reductive dechlorination, water treatment,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Water from wastewater treatment plants contains concentrations of pharmaceutically active compounds as high as micrograms per liter, which can adversely affect fish health and behavior, and contaminate the food chain. Here, we tested the ability of the common carp hepatic S9 fraction to produce the main metabolites from citalopram, metoprolol, sertraline, and venlafaxine. Metabolism in fish S9 fractions was compared to that in sheep. The metabolism of citalopram was further studied in fish. Our results suggest a large difference in the rate of metabolites formation between fish and sheep. Fish hepatic S9 fractions do not show an ability to form metabolites from venlafaxine, which was also the case for sheep. Citalopram, metoprolol, and sertraline were metabolized by both fish and sheep S9. Citalopram showed concentration-dependent N-desmethylcitalopram formation with Vmax = 1781 pmol/min/mg and Km = 29.7 μM. The presence of ellipticine, a specific CYP1A inhibitor, in the incubations reduced the formation of N-desmethylcitalopram by 30-100% depending on the applied concentration. These findings suggest that CYP1A is the major enzyme contributing to the formation of N-desmethylcitalopram. In summary, the results from the present in vitro study suggest that common carp can form the major metabolites of citalopram, metoprolol, and sertraline.

• Klíčová slova
• citalopram, cytochrome P450, environmental toxicology, metabolite formation, metoprolol, sertraline, venlafaxine,
• MeSH
• citalopram metabolismus   MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 metabolismus   MeSH
• jaterní mikrozomy metabolismus   MeSH
• kapři MeSH
• léčivé přípravky metabolismus   MeSH
• metoprolol metabolismus   MeSH
• ovce MeSH
• sertralin metabolismus   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• venlafaxin hydrochlorid metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• citalopram MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• metoprolol MeSH
• sertralin MeSH
• venlafaxin hydrochlorid MeSH

Soils can be contaminated by pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of soil conditions (influencing sorption and persistence of pharmaceuticals in soils) and plant type on the root uptake of selected pharmaceuticals and their transformation in plant-soil systems. Four plants (lamb's lettuce, spinach, arugula, radish) planted in 3 soils were irrigated for 20 days (26) with water contaminated by one of 3 pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, atenolol, sulfamethoxazole) or their mixture. The concentrations of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in soils and plant tissues were evaluated after the harvest. Sulfamethoxazole and atenolol dissipated rapidly from soils. The larger concentrations of both compounds and an atenolol metabolite were found in roots than in leaves. Sulfamethoxazole metabolites were below the limits of quantifications. Carbamazepine was stable in soils, easily uptaken, accumulated, and metabolized in plant leaves. The efficiency of radish and arugula (both family Brassicaceae) in metabolizing was very low contrary to the high and moderate efficiencies of lamb's lettuce and spinach, respectively. Compounds' transformations mostly masked the soil impact on their accumulation in plant tissues. The negative relationships were found between the carbamazepine sorption coefficients and its concentrations in roots of radish, lamb's lettuce, and spinach.

• Klíčová slova
• Compound’s translocation in plant, Metabolites, Pharmaceuticals, Plant-dependent compound’s transformation, Plants, Root uptake, Soils,
• MeSH
• atenolol metabolismus   MeSH
• karbamazepin analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• listy rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• půda MeSH
• Raphanus metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• sulfamethoxazol metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• atenolol MeSH
• karbamazepin MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• půda MeSH
• sulfamethoxazol MeSH

This study characterized changes in biomarker responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) upon exposure to effluent water discharged from a sewage treatment plant (STP) under real conditions. Fish were exposed to contamination in Cezarka pond, which receives all of its water input from the STP in the town of Vodnany, Czech Republic. Five sampling events were performed at day 0, 30, 90, 180, and 360 starting in April 2015. In total, 62 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were detected in the polar organic chemical integrative sampler. Compared to a control pond, the total concentration of PPCPs was 45, 16, 7, and 7 times higher in Cezarka pond at day 30, 90, 180, and 360, respectively. The result of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme biomarkers indicated alterations in the liver and intestine tissues of fish from Cezarka pond at day 30 and 360, respectively. High plasma vitellogenin levels were observed in both exposed females (180 and 360 days) and males (360 days) compared with their respective controls. However, only exposed female fish had higher vitellogenin mRNA expression than the control fish in these periods. Exposed female fish showed irregular structure of the ovary with scattered oocytes, which further developed to a vitellogenic stage at day 360. Low white blood cell levels were indicated in all exposed fish. Despite numerous alterations in exposed fish, favorable ecological conditions including high availability of food resulted in a better overall condition of the exposed fish after 1 year of exposure compared to the controls.

• Klíčová slova
• Biological effects, Biological pond, Endocrine disruption, Integrate biomarker response,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• kapři * MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• vitelogeniny MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• vitelogeniny MeSH

The aim of this study was to develop a simple extraction procedure and a multiresidual liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of a wide range of pharmaceuticals from various soil types. An extraction procedure for 91 pharmaceuticals from 13 soil types, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, was optimized. The extraction efficiencies of three solvent mixtures for ultrasonic extraction were evaluated for 91 pharmaceuticals. The best results were obtained using acetonitrile/water (1/1 v/v with 0.1 % formic acid) followed by acetonitrile/2-propanol/water (3/3/4 v/v/v with 0.1 % formic acid) for extracting 63 pharmaceuticals. The method was validated at three fortification levels (10, 100, and 1000 ng/g) in all types of representative soils; recovery of 44 pharmaceuticals ranged between 55 and 135 % across all tested soils. The method was applied to analyze actual environmental samples of sediments, soils, and sludge, and 24 pharmaceuticals were found above limit of quantification with concentrations ranging between 0.83 ng/g (fexofenadine) and 223 ng/g (citalopram).

• Klíčová slova
• Extraction efficiency, Extraction method, Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Matrix effects, Sediments, Sludge, Validation,
• MeSH
• 2-propanol MeSH
• acetonitrily MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová metody   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• odpadní vody chemie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• validační studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-propanol MeSH
• acetonitrile MeSH Prohlížeč
• acetonitrily MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• půda MeSH