With increasing efforts to reuse wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) products in agriculture, assessing their impact on soil-plant systems is crucial, while the effects of accompanying antibiotic residues on soil microbial communities have not yet been adequately studied. This study focuses on clarithromycin (CLR), highly present in wastewater, and investigates the CLR-degradation potential of plant-associated microorganisms. Phaseolus vulgaris plants were grown in raised beds filled with Haplic Cambisol and amended with or without WWTP products (treated wastewater, biosolid, or composted biosolid), as a source of CLR residues. The rhizosphere microbiomes after biosolid amendments was significantly enriched by Pseudomonadaceae as assessed by 16S rRNA metagenomics and cultures enriched by CLR revealed dominance of Proteobacteria. However, no degradation of CLR by microbial consortia or enrichment cultures was observed, suggesting the multiplication of CLR-resistant bacteria with other resistance mechanisms. Cultivation-based approach combined with antibiotic modulation assays and subsequent LC-MS analysis confirmed the complete CLR removal by seven phylogenetic groups of actinomycetes in vitro. The proportion of isolates indicated that the rhizosphere is a natural reservoir for CLR-inactivating microorganisms; however, the amendment of soils with WWTP products can significantly increase their abundance and diversity.

• Klíčová slova
• Streptomyces, Antimicrobial resistance, Biodegradation, Macrolides, Micropollutants, Soil microbiome,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * farmakologie   MeSH
• fazol * mikrobiologie   účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• klarithromycin * farmakologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiota účinky léků   MeSH
• odpadní voda * chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• rhizosféra * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky * MeSH
• klarithromycin * MeSH
• odpadní voda * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

The practice of incorporating animal manure into soil is supported within the European Circular economy as a possible substitute for mineral fertilizers and will become crucial for the sustainability of agriculture. However, this practice may indirectly contribute to the dissemination of antibiotics, resistance bacteria, and resistance genes. In this study, medicated drinking water and poultry litter samples were obtained from a broiler-chick farm. The obtained poultry litter was incorporated into the soil at the experimental field site. The objectives of this research project were first to develop analytical methods able to quantify fluoroquinolones (FQs) in medicated drinking water, poultry litter, and soil samples by LC-MS; second to study the fate of these FQs in the soil environment after incorporation of poultry litter from flock medicated by enrofloxacin (ENR); and third to screen the occurrence of selected fluoroquinolone resistance encoding genes in poultry litter and soil samples (PCR analysis). FQs were quantified in the broiler farm's medicated drinking water (41.0 ± 0.3 mg∙L-1 of ENR) and poultry litter (up to 70 mg∙kg-1 of FQs). The persistence of FQs in the soil environment over 112 days was monitored and evaluated (ENR concentrations ranged from 36 μg∙kg-1 to 9 μg∙kg-1 after 100 days). The presence of resistance genes was confirmed in both poultry litter and soil samples, in agreement with the risk assessment for the selection of AMR in soil based on ENR concentrations. This work provides a new, comprehensive perspective on the entry and long-term fate of antimicrobials in the terrestrial environment and their consequences after the incorporation of poultry litter into agricultural fields.

• Klíčová slova
• Antimicrobial resistance, Fluoroquinolones, Liquid chromatography, Manure fertilization, Mass spectrometry, PCR, Solid phase extraction, Veterinary antimicrobials,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky analýza   MeSH
• drůbež MeSH
• enrofloxacin MeSH
• farmy MeSH
• fluorochinolony * analýza   MeSH
• hnůj analýza   MeSH
• kur domácí metabolismus   MeSH
• pitná voda * analýza   MeSH
• půda MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• enrofloxacin MeSH
• fluorochinolony * MeSH
• hnůj MeSH
• pitná voda * MeSH
• půda MeSH

The accumulation of six pharmaceuticals of different therapeutic uses has been thoroughly investigated and compared between onion, spinach, and radish plants grown in six soil types. While neutral molecules (e.g., carbamazepine (CAR) and some of its metabolites) were efficiently accumulated and easily translocated to the plant leaves (onion > radish > spinach), the same for ionic (both anionic and cationic) molecules seems to be minor to moderate. The maximum accumulation of CAR crosses 38,000 (onion), 42,000 (radish), and 7000 (spinach) ng g-1 (dry weight) respectively, in which the most majority of them happened within the plant leaves. Among the metabolites, the accumulation of carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (EPC - a primary CAR metabolite) was approximately 19,000 (onion), 7000 (radish), and 6000 (spinach) ng g-1 (dry weight) respectively. This trend was considerably similar even when all these pharmaceuticals applied together. The accumulation of most other molecules (e.g., citalopram, clindamycin, clindamycin sulfoxide, fexofenadine, irbesartan, and sulfamethoxazole) was restricted to plant roots, except for certain cases (e.g., clindamycin and clindamycin sulfoxide in onion leaves). Our results clearly demonstrated the potential role of this accumulation process on the entrance of pharmaceuticals/metabolites into the food chain, which eventually becomes a threat to associated living biota.

• Klíčová slova
• Metabolism, Pharmaceutical accumulation, Pharmaceuticals, Plant-dependent transformation of pharmaceuticals, Plants, Root uptake, Soils, Translocation of pharmaceuticals in plant,
• MeSH
• česneky MeSH
• klindamycin metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * analýza   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky metabolismus   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• Raphanus * metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Spinacia oleracea metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• klindamycin MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• půda MeSH

Soils can be contaminated by pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of soil conditions (influencing sorption and persistence of pharmaceuticals in soils) and plant type on the root uptake of selected pharmaceuticals and their transformation in plant-soil systems. Four plants (lamb's lettuce, spinach, arugula, radish) planted in 3 soils were irrigated for 20 days (26) with water contaminated by one of 3 pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, atenolol, sulfamethoxazole) or their mixture. The concentrations of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in soils and plant tissues were evaluated after the harvest. Sulfamethoxazole and atenolol dissipated rapidly from soils. The larger concentrations of both compounds and an atenolol metabolite were found in roots than in leaves. Sulfamethoxazole metabolites were below the limits of quantifications. Carbamazepine was stable in soils, easily uptaken, accumulated, and metabolized in plant leaves. The efficiency of radish and arugula (both family Brassicaceae) in metabolizing was very low contrary to the high and moderate efficiencies of lamb's lettuce and spinach, respectively. Compounds' transformations mostly masked the soil impact on their accumulation in plant tissues. The negative relationships were found between the carbamazepine sorption coefficients and its concentrations in roots of radish, lamb's lettuce, and spinach.

• Klíčová slova
• Compound’s translocation in plant, Metabolites, Pharmaceuticals, Plant-dependent compound’s transformation, Plants, Root uptake, Soils,
• MeSH
• atenolol metabolismus   MeSH
• karbamazepin analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• listy rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• půda MeSH
• Raphanus metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• sulfamethoxazol metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• atenolol MeSH
• karbamazepin MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• půda MeSH
• sulfamethoxazol MeSH

The aim of this study was to develop a simple extraction procedure and a multiresidual liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of a wide range of pharmaceuticals from various soil types. An extraction procedure for 91 pharmaceuticals from 13 soil types, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, was optimized. The extraction efficiencies of three solvent mixtures for ultrasonic extraction were evaluated for 91 pharmaceuticals. The best results were obtained using acetonitrile/water (1/1 v/v with 0.1 % formic acid) followed by acetonitrile/2-propanol/water (3/3/4 v/v/v with 0.1 % formic acid) for extracting 63 pharmaceuticals. The method was validated at three fortification levels (10, 100, and 1000 ng/g) in all types of representative soils; recovery of 44 pharmaceuticals ranged between 55 and 135 % across all tested soils. The method was applied to analyze actual environmental samples of sediments, soils, and sludge, and 24 pharmaceuticals were found above limit of quantification with concentrations ranging between 0.83 ng/g (fexofenadine) and 223 ng/g (citalopram).

• Klíčová slova
• Extraction efficiency, Extraction method, Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Matrix effects, Sediments, Sludge, Validation,
• MeSH
• 2-propanol MeSH
• acetonitrily MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová metody   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• odpadní vody chemie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• validační studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-propanol MeSH
• acetonitrile MeSH Prohlížeč
• acetonitrily MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• půda MeSH