Periodontal disease is a significant burden for oral health, causing progressive and irreversible damage to the support structure of the tooth. This complex structure, the periodontium, is composed of interconnected soft and mineralised tissues, posing a challenge for regenerative approaches. Materials combining silicon and lithium are widely studied in periodontal regeneration, as they stimulate bone repair via silicic acid release while providing regenerative stimuli through lithium activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Yet, existing materials for combined lithium and silicon release have limited control over ion release amounts and kinetics. Porous silicon can provide controlled silicic acid release, inducing osteogenesis to support bone regeneration. Prelithiation, a strategy developed for battery technology, can introduce large, controllable amounts of lithium within porous silicon, but yields a highly reactive material, unsuitable for biomedicine. This work debuts a strategy to lithiate porous silicon nanowires (LipSiNs) which generates a biocompatible and bioresorbable material. LipSiNs incorporate lithium to between 1% and 40% of silicon content, releasing lithium and silicic acid in a tailorable fashion from days to weeks. LipSiNs combine osteogenic, cementogenic and Wnt/β-catenin stimuli to regenerate bone, cementum and periodontal ligament fibres in a murine periodontal defect.
- MeSH
- beta-katenin * MeSH
- křemík farmakologie MeSH
- kyselina křemičitá farmakologie MeSH
- lithium farmakologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nanodráty * MeSH
- poréznost MeSH
- zubní cement (tkáň) MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- beta-katenin * MeSH
- křemík MeSH
- kyselina křemičitá MeSH
- lithium MeSH
In the current scenario of global warming and climate change, plants face many biotic stresses, which restrain growth, development and productivity. Nanotechnology is gaining precedence over other means to deal with biotic and abiotic constraints for sustainable agriculture. One of nature's most beneficial metalloids, silicon (Si) shows ameliorative effect against environmental challenges. Silicon/Silica nanoparticles (Si/SiO2NPs) have gained special attention due to their significant chemical and optoelectronic capabilities. Its mesoporous nature, easy availability and least biological toxicity has made it very attractive to researchers. Si/SiO2NPs can be synthesised by chemical, physical and biological methods and supplied to plants by foliar, soil, or seed priming. Upon uptake and translocation, Si/SiO2NPs reach their destined cells and cause optimum growth, development and tolerance against environmental stresses as well as pest attack and pathogen infection. Using Si/SiO2NPs as a supplement can be an eco-friendly and cost-effective option for sustainable agriculture as they facilitate the delivery of nutrients, assist plants to mitigate biotic stress and enhances plant resistance. This review aims to present an overview of the methods of formulation of Si/SiO2NPs, their application, uptake, translocation and emphasize the role of Si/SiO2NPs in boosting growth and development of plants as well as their conventional advantage as fertilizers with special consideration on their mitigating effects towards biotic stress.
- Klíčová slova
- Biotic stress, Crop improvement, Silica NPs, Silicon nanoparticles, Sustainable agriculture,
- MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- křemík * farmakologie MeSH
- nanočástice * toxicita MeSH
- rostliny MeSH
- zemědělství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- křemík * MeSH
Progressing climate change necessitates the search for solutions of plant protection against the effects of water deficit. One of these solutions could be silicon supplementation. The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that silicon changes aquaporin expression and antioxidant system activity in a direction which may alleviate the effects of drought stress in oilseed rape. The accumulation of BnPIP1, BnPIP2-1-7 and BnTIP1;1 aquaporins and the expression of their genes, the level of catalase, superoxide dismutase activities and hydrogen peroxide content as well as total non-enzymatic antioxidant activity were analyzed in leaf tissue from control and silicon-treated oilseed rape plants growing under well-watered and drought conditions. Silicon was applied in two forms - pure silicon and a silicon complex. It was shown that under drought conditions, both pure silicon and the silicon complex (with Fe) significantly increased the accumulation of aquaporins and improved the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant system, while under well-watered conditions, these effects were observed only in the case of the silicon complex. The presented study proves that silicon supplementation in oilseed rape improves the regulation of water management and contributes to the protection against oxidative stress caused by drought.
- Klíčová slova
- Abiotic stress, Aquaporins, Oilseed rape, Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, Tonoplast intrinsic proteins, Water channels,
- MeSH
- akvaporiny * metabolismus MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- křemík metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- období sucha * MeSH
- voda metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- akvaporiny * MeSH
- antioxidancia MeSH
- křemík MeSH
- voda MeSH
Silicon (Si) is known to alleviate the adverse impact of different abiotic and biotic stresses by different mechanisms including morphological, physiological, and genetic changes. Photosynthesis, one of the most important physiological processes in the plant is sensitive to different stress factors. Several studies have shown that Si ameliorates the stress effects on photosynthesis by protecting photosynthetic machinery and its function. In stressed plants, several photosynthesis-related processes including PSII maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm), the yield of photosystem II (φPSII), electron transport rates (ETR), and photochemical quenching (qP) were observed to be regulated when supplemented with Si, which indicates that Si effectively protects the photosynthetic machinery. In addition, studies also suggested that Si is capable enough to maintain the uneven swelling, disintegrated, and missing thylakoid membranes caused during stress. Furthermore, several photosynthesis-related genes were also regulated by Si supplementation. Taking into account the key impact of Si on the evolutionarily conserved process of photosynthesis in plants, this review article is focused on the aspects of silicon and photosynthesis interrelationships during stress and signaling pathways. The assemblages of this discussion shall fulfill the lack of constructive literature related to the influence of Si on one of the most dynamic and important processes of plant life i.e. photosynthesis.
- Klíčová slova
- Changing environment, Gene expression, Photosynthesis, Silicon,
- MeSH
- chlorofyl MeSH
- fotosyntéza MeSH
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex metabolismus MeSH
- křemík * farmakologie MeSH
- listy rostlin * metabolismus MeSH
- transport elektronů MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlorofyl MeSH
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex MeSH
- křemík * MeSH
An experiment was set up to investigate physiological responses of soybeans to silicon (Si) under normal light and shade conditions. Two soybean varieties, Nandou 12 (shade resistant), and Nan 032-4 (shade susceptible), were tested. Our results revealed that under shading, the net assimilation rate and the plant growth were significantly reduced. However, foliar application of Si under normal light and shading significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and decreased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci). The net photosynthetic rate of Nandou 12 under normal light and shading increased by 46.4% and 33.3% respectively with Si treatment (200 mg/kg) compared to controls. Si application also enhanced chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, fresh weight, root length, root surface area, root volume, root-shoot ratio, and root dry weight under both conditions. Si application significantly increased the accumulation of some carbohydrates such as soluble sugar and sucrose in stems and leaves ensuring better stem strength under both conditions. Si application significantly increased the yield by increasing the number of effective pods per plant, the number of beans per plant and the weight of beans per plant. After Si treatment, the yield increased 24.5% under mono-cropping, and 17.41% under intercropping. Thus, Si is very effective in alleviating the stress effects of shading in intercropped soybeans by increasing the photosynthetic efficiency and lodging resistance.
- Klíčová slova
- Photosynthesis, Shade stress, Silicon, Soluble sugar,
- MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- fotosyntéza účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- Glycine max * účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- křemík * farmakologie MeSH
- listy rostlin * metabolismus účinky záření MeSH
- světlo * MeSH
- uhlík * metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlorofyl MeSH
- křemík * MeSH
- uhlík * MeSH
Silicon inhibits the growth of Alternaria alternata into sorghum root cells by maintaining their integrity through stimulating biochemical defense reactions rather than by silica-based physical barrier creation. Although the ameliorating effect of silicon (Si) on plant resistance against fungal pathogens has been proven, the mechanism of its action needs to be better understood on a cellular level. The present study explores the effect of Si application in sorghum roots infected with fungus Alternaria alternata under controlled in vitro conditions. Detailed anatomical and cytological observations by both fluorescent and electron microscopy revealed that Si supplementation results in the inhibition of fungal hyphae growth into the protoplast of root cells. An approach of environmental scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy enabling spatial detection of Si even at low concentrations showed that there is no continual solid layer of silica in the root cell walls of the rhizodermis, mesodermis and exodermis physically blocking the fungal growth into the protoplasts. Additionally, biochemical evidence suggests that Si speeds up the onset of activities of phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases involved in phenolic compounds production and deposition to plant cell walls. In conclusion, Si alleviates the negative impact of A. alternata infection by limiting hyphae penetration through sorghum root cell walls into protoplasts, thus maintaining their structural and functional integrity. This might occur by triggering plant biochemical defense responses rather than by creating compact Si layer deposits.
- Klíčová slova
- Cell integrity, Fungal infection, In vitro cultivation, Phenolics, Plant defense, Root anatomy,
- MeSH
- Alternaria * účinky léků MeSH
- fenylalaninamoniaklyasa MeSH
- kořeny rostlin * účinky léků enzymologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- křemík * farmakologie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- Sorghum * účinky léků enzymologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- fenylalaninamoniaklyasa MeSH
- křemík * MeSH
Silicate minerals are dominant soil components. Thus, plant roots are constantly exposed to silicic acid. High silicon intake, enabled by root silicon transporters, correlates with increased tolerance to many biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the underlying protection mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that silicon interacts with the plant hormones, and specifically, that silicic acid intake increases cytokinin biosynthesis. The reaction of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Arabidopsis plants, modified to absorb high versus low amounts of silicon, to dark-induced senescence was monitored, by quantifying expression levels of genes along the senescence pathway and measuring tissue cytokinin levels. In both species, detached leaves with high silicon content senesced more slowly than leaves that were not exposed to silicic acid. Expression levels of genes along the senescence pathway suggested increased cytokinin biosynthesis with silicon exposure. Mass spectrometry measurements of cytokinin suggested a positive correlation between silicon exposure and active cytokinin concentrations. Our results indicate a similar reaction to silicon treatment in distantly related plants, proposing a general function of silicon as a stress reliever, acting via increased cytokinin biosynthesis.
- Klíčová slova
- Arabidopsis, cytokinin, senescence, silicon, sorghum,
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis účinky léků genetika metabolismus MeSH
- cytokininy biosyntéza MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- křemík metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- listy rostlin účinky léků metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- Sorghum účinky léků genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cytokininy MeSH
- křemík MeSH
Silicon was shown to alleviate the negative effects of various biotic and abiotic stresses on plant growth. Although the positive role of Si on toxic and heavy metal Cd has been already described, the mechanisms have been explained only partially and still remain unclear. In the present study we investigated the effect of Si on photosynthetic-related processes in maize exposed to two different levels of Cd via measurements of net photosynthetic rate (AN), chlorophyll a fluorescence and pigment analysis, as well as studies of leaf tissue anatomy and cell ultrastructure using bright-field and transmission electron microscopy. We found that Si actively alleviated the toxic syndromes of Cd by increasing AN, effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (ϕPSII) and content of assimilation pigments, although did not decrease the concentration of Cd in leaf tissues. Cadmium did not affect the leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of leaf mesophyll's cell chloroplasts; however, Cd negatively affected thylakoid formation in chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells, and this was alleviated by Si. Improved thylakoid formation in bundle sheath's cell chloroplasts may contribute to Si-induced enhancement of photosynthesis and related increase in biomass production in C4 plant maize.
- Klíčová slova
- C4 plant anatomy and physiology, Cadmium (Cd), Chlorophyll a fluorescence, Chloroplast ultrastructure, Photosynthesis, Silicon (Si),
- MeSH
- chlorofyl a MeSH
- chlorofyl analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- chloroplasty účinky léků metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- fluorescence MeSH
- fotosyntéza účinky léků MeSH
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex metabolismus MeSH
- kadmium toxicita MeSH
- křemík farmakologie MeSH
- kukuřice setá účinky léků metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- listy rostlin účinky léků MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlorofyl a MeSH
- chlorofyl MeSH
- chlorophyll a' MeSH Prohlížeč
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex MeSH
- kadmium MeSH
- křemík MeSH
Hydroxyapatite layers with silver doping from 0.06 at.% to 14 at.% were prepared by laser deposition. The films' physical properties such as morphology, composition, crystallinity, Young's modulus and microhardness were measured. Films were amorphous or polycrystalline in dependence on deposition temperature (from RT to 600 °C). Antibacterial properties were tested using Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis cells. The antibacterial efficacy changed with silver doping from 4% to 100%. Cytotoxicity was studied by a direct contact test. Depending on doping and crystallinity the films were either non-toxic or mildly toxic.
- Klíčová slova
- Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, Hydroxyapatite, PLD, Silver, Thin films,
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- buněčná smrt účinky léků MeSH
- buňky NIH 3T3 MeSH
- difrakce rentgenového záření MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků MeSH
- fibroblasty cytologie účinky léků MeSH
- hydroxyapatit farmakologie MeSH
- křemík farmakologie MeSH
- krystalizace MeSH
- lasery * MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- modul pružnosti účinky léků MeSH
- myši MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků MeSH
- titan farmakologie MeSH
- tvrdost účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antibakteriální látky MeSH
- hydroxyapatit MeSH
- křemík MeSH
- titan MeSH
Recently, a growing interest has been recorded in mineral content of mammalian diet, which might impair their development. Focused on the topic, we studied the effect of Al3+, Si4+, Sr2+ and Na2S on the intensity of malondialdehyde (MDA) production in vitro. MDA, as one of oxidative stress markers, was determined in rat brain homogenates in the conditions of lipid peroxidation (LP) activated by iron ions and ascorbate. Our results showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation after addition of aluminium ions. We assume a probable impact of Al3+ on active or regulatory centres of antioxidant enzymes, resulting in the reduction of their antioxidant functions. The addition to Si4+ or Na2S to samples with Al3+ significantly decreased Fe2+-activated LP. We can explain the influence of Na2S by the formation of insoluble complexes with iron. Similarly, the effect of Si4+ can be related to the production of aluminium-silicon complexes. In our view, an optimal ratio of aluminium and silicon ions (or aluminium ions and Na2S) in the diet might have beneficial effects on brain functions.
- MeSH
- hliník farmakologie MeSH
- křemík farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- malondialdehyd metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- mozek metabolismus MeSH
- peroxidace lipidů účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- sulfidy farmakologie MeSH
- železo farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hliník MeSH
- křemík MeSH
- malondialdehyd MeSH
- sodium sulfide MeSH Prohlížeč
- sulfidy MeSH
- železo MeSH
