This study aims to examine the association of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) with emotional and behavioral problems (EBP) among adolescents and the degree to which this association is stronger for more ACE. In addition, we assessed whether socioeconomic position (SEP) modifies the association of ACE with EBP. We obtained data from 341 adolescents aged 10-16 (mean age = 13.14 years; 44.0% boys), the baseline of a cohort study. We measured EBP with the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and socioeconomic position (SEP) with self-reported financial status. We used generalized linear models to analyze the association between ACE (0 vs. 1-2 vs. 3 and more) and EBP, and the modifying effect of SEP. Adolescents with 1-2 ACE (regression coefficient: 0.19; 95%-confidence interval (CI): 0.06-0.32) and with 3 ACE and over (0.35; 0.17-0.54) reported more overall problems compared with adolescents without ACE. Moreover, adolescents with 1-2 ACE (0.16; -0.01-0.32, and 0.16; 0.03-0.29) and with 3 and over ACE (0.33; 0.10-0.56, and 0.28; 0.09-0.47) reported more emotional problems and behavioral problems, respectively. The interactions of SEP with ACE were not significant. ACE are related to EBP among adolescents, with a clear dose-response association, and this association similarly holds for all SEP categories.

• Klíčová slova
• adolescence, adverse childhood experiences, behavioral problems, emotional problems,
• MeSH
• chování mladistvých psychologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• duševní poruchy psychologie   MeSH
• emoce * MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nepříznivé zkušenosti z dětství statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• problémové chování psychologie   MeSH
• zpráva o sobě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

This study was focused on gaining insights into the mechanism by which the herbicide- Spectracide®, induces oxidative stress and alters behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Exposure to Spectracide® (50%) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the negative geotaxis response, jumping behavior and dampened locomotor activity rhythm in adult flies compared to non-exposed flies. Protein carbonyl levels indicative of oxidative damage increased significantly coupled with down-regulation of Sniffer gene expression encoding carbonyl reductase (CR) and its activity in Spectracide®-exposed flies. In silico modeling analysis revealed that the active ingredients of Spectracide® (atrazine, diquat dibromide, fluazifop-p-butyl, and dicamba) have significant binding affinity to the active site of CR enzyme, with atrazine having comparatively greater affinity. Our results suggest a mechanism by which ingredients in Spectracide® induce oxidative damage by competitive binding to the active site of a protective enzyme and impair its ability to prevent damage to proteins thereby leading to deficits in locomotor behavior in Drosophila.

• Klíčová slova
• Behavioral toxicology, Carbonyl reductase, Drosophila melanogaster, Ecotoxicology, In silico modeling, Spectracide®,
• MeSH
• alkoholoxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• atrazin toxicita   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• Drosophila melanogaster genetika   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• herbicidy toxicita   MeSH
• lokomoce účinky léků   MeSH
• molekulární modely * MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• oxidační stres genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) MeSH Prohlížeč
• alkoholoxidoreduktasy MeSH
• atrazin MeSH
• herbicidy MeSH

BACKGROUND: To examine cross-sectional differences and longitudinal changes in cognitive performance based on the presence of mild behavioral impairment (MBI) among older adults who are cognitively healthy or have mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: Secondary data analysis of participants (n = 17 291) who were cognitively healthy (n = 11 771) or diagnosed with MCI (n = 5 520) from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database. Overall, 24.7% of the sample met the criteria for MBI. Cognition was examined through a neuropsychological battery that assessed attention, episodic memory, executive function, language, visuospatial ability, and processing speed. RESULTS: Older adults with MBI, regardless of whether they were cognitively healthy or diagnosed with MCI, performed significantly worse at baseline on tasks for attention, episodic memory, executive function, language, and processing speed and exhibited greater longitudinal declines on tasks of attention, episodic memory, language, and processing speed. Cognitively healthy older adults with MBI performed significantly worse than those who were cognitively healthy without MBI on tasks of visuospatial ability at baseline and on tasks of processing speed across time. Older adults with MCI and MBI performed significantly worse than those with only MCI on executive function at baseline and visuospatial ability and processing speed tasks across time. CONCLUSIONS: This study found evidence that MBI is related to poorer cognitive performance cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Additionally, those with MBI and MCI performed worse across multiple tasks of cognition both cross-sectionally and across time. These results provide support for MBI being uniquely associated with different aspects of cognition.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer’s disease, Cognition, Dementia, Longitudinal changes, Mild behavioral impairment,
• MeSH
• epizodická paměť * MeSH
• exekutivní funkce MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Many parasites induce specific changes in host behavior that promote the transmission of their infective stages between hosts. Toxoplasmosis in rodents is known to be accompanied by specific behavioral changes (shift in activity level, learning capacity, and novelty discrimination) that can theoretically increase the chance of infected animals being eaten by the definitive host, the cat. However, toxoplasmosis is also accompanied by many pathological symptoms. It is not known whether the behavioral changes are products of manipulation activity of the parasite or only nonspecific by-products of pathological symptoms of toxoplasmosis. Here, we compared the dynamics of development of behavioral and pathological changes in Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice. The results showed that the maximum reduction of mouse activity corresponded with the peak of pathological symptoms, and also that maximum increase of reaction times corresponded with the peak of development of tissue cysts in the brains of infected mice. Behavioral changes were only transient and disappeared before the 12th wk postinoculation. The results suggest that the behavioral changes in infected mice reported by many authors and observed in our experiments could be nonspecific by-products of pathological symptoms of toxoplasmosis rather than specific products of manipulation activity by the parasite.

• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• pátrací chování MeSH
• pohybová aktivita MeSH
• práh bolesti MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• toxoplazmóza zvířat patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• úniková reakce MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Behavioral outcome in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most important factor for evaluating the extent of injury and treatment efficacy. For this purpose, a number of behavioral testing methods can be used. In this review, 35 individual locomotor, motor, sensory, sensory-motor, autonomic or electrophysiological behavioral tests, their weaknesses and strengths, testing conditions, the need for habituation, pre-training and/or food deprivation, methods for increasing the animals' skills, systematic testing protocols and methods for selecting the proper behavioral tests for particular injury models are discussed on the basis of a retrospective analysis of scientific studies published from 1995 to 2007. This review is primarily targeted towards researchers outside the field or to researchers new to the field of SCI.

• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum metody   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
• motorické dovednosti MeSH
• obnova funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• poranění míchy * MeSH
• regenerace nervu fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

AIMS: This study was designed to evaluate the changes in EEG power spectra and EEG coherence in a ketamine model of psychosis in rats. Analyses of behavioral measurements--locomotion and sensorimotor gating--and the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine were also conducted. METHODS: Ketamine and norketamine levels in rat sera and brains were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after ketamine 30 mg/kg (i.p.). Ketamine 9 and 30 mg/kg (i.p.) were used in the behavioral and EEG experiments. Locomotor effects in an open field test and deficits in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reaction (PPI ASR) were evaluated in the behavioral experiments. EEG signals were simultaneously recorded from 12 implanted active electrodes; subsequently, an EEG power spectral and coherence analysis was performed. RESULTS: Ketamine had a rapid penetration into the brain; the peak concentrations of the drug were reached within 15 min after administration. Ketamine induced marked hyperlocomotion and deficits in the PPI ASR. EEG spectral analysis mainly showed increases in EEG power as well as coherence. These were most robust at 10-15 min after the administration and influenced all parts of the spectrum with ketamine 30 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine at behaviorally active doses induces a robust increase in EEG power spectra and coherence. The maximum levels of change correlated with the kinetics of ketamine.

• MeSH
• akustická stimulace MeSH
• elektroencefalografie účinky léků   MeSH
• ketamin farmakokinetika   farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lokomoce účinky léků   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• mozek účinky léků   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• mozkové vlny účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• psychotické poruchy metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• senzorický gating účinky léků   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ketamin MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The administration of questionnaires presents an easy way of obtaining important knowledge about phobic patients. However, it is not well known how these subjective measurements correspond to the patient's objective condition. Our study aimed to compare scores on questionnaires and image evaluation to the objective measurements of the behavioral approach test (BAT) and the neurophysiological effect of spiders extracted from fMRI measurements. The objective was to explore how reliably subjective statements about spiders and physiological and behavioral parameters discriminate between phobics and non-phobics, and what are the best predictors of overall brain activation. METHODS: Based on a clinical interview, 165 subjects were assigned to either a "phobic" or low-fear "control" group. Finally, 30 arachnophobic and 32 healthy control subjects (with low fear of spiders) participated in this study. They completed several questionnaires (SPQ, SNAQ, DS-R) and underwent a behavioral approach test (BAT) with a live tarantula. Then, they were measured in fMRI while watching blocks of pictures including spiders and snakes. Finally, the respondents rated all the visual stimuli according to perceived fear. We proposed the Spider Fear Index (SFI) as a value characterizing the level of spider fear, computed based on the fMRI measurements. We then treated this variable as the "neurophysiological effect of spiders" and examined its contribution to the respondents' fear ratings of the stimuli seen during the fMRI using the redundancy analysis (RDA). RESULTS: The results for fear ranks revealed that the SFI, SNAQ, DS-R, and SPQ scores had a significant effect, while BAT and SPQ scores loaded in the same direction of the first multivariate axis. The SFI was strongly correlated with both SPQ and BAT scores in the pooled sample of arachnophobic and healthy control subjects. DISCUSSION: Both SPQ and BAT scores have a high informative value about the subject's fear of spiders and together with subjective emotional evaluation of picture stimuli can be reliable predictors of spider phobia. These parameters provide easy and non-expensive but reliable measurement wherever more expensive devices such as magnetic resonance are not available. However, SFI still reflects individual variability within the phobic group, identifying individuals with higher brain activation, which may relate to more severe phobic reactions or other sources of fMRI signal variability.

• Klíčová slova
• arachnophobia, behavioral approach test, fMRI, fear, snakes, spiders,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: While the gender/sex differences in neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia population are well described, gender/sex differences in mild behavioral impairment (MBI) in dementia-free populations and the relationship to cognitive performance and to subsequent cognitive decline have not been studied. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore gender/sex differences in the association of MBI with the level of cognitive performance and its rate of decline in a dementia-free cohort. METHODS: We studied 8,181 older adults enrolled in the online PROTECT UK Study. MBI was assessed using the MBI Checklist and cognition was measured by digit span, paired associate learning, spatial working memory, and verbal reasoning. Statistical analysis was conducted using linear regression models and linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Out of 8,181 individuals (median age 63 years, 73% females), 11% of females and 14% of males had MBI syndrome. Females exhibited less often symptoms of decreased motivation (45% versus 36% in males), impulse dyscontrol (40% versus 44% in males; p = 0.001) and social inappropriateness (12% versus 15%; p < 0.001), while they showed more often symptoms of emotional dysregulation (45% versus 36%; p < 0.001). The associations of MBI domains with some measures of cognitive performance and decline were stronger in males than females, with the exception of the association of emotional dysregulation with the rate of cognitive decline in verbal reasoning, which was present exclusively in females. CONCLUSION: MBI may influence cognition to a greater extent in males than in females. We propose that predictors and biomarkers of dementia should consider gender/sex as an effect modifier.

• Klíčová slova
• Behavioral symptoms, cognition, dementia, gender differences, sex differences,
• MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * psychologie   MeSH
• kognitivní stárnutí * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Hippocampal activity is thought to encode spatial representations in a distributed associative network. This idea predicts that partial hippocampal lesions would spare acquisition and impair retrieval of a place response as long as enough connections remained intact to encode associations. Water maze experiments supported the predictions, but the prediction of impaired retrieval was not supported when tetrodotoxin (TTX) was injected into one hippocampus and rats were tested in a place avoidance task on a rotating arena with shallow water. The rotation dissociated relevant distal stimuli from irrelevant self-motion stimuli. To explain the discrepancy, we hypothesized that the segregation of relevant and irrelevant stimuli and stimuli association into representations are distinct hippocampus-dependent operations, and whereas associative representation is more sensitive to disruption during retrieval than learning, stimulus segregation is more sensitive to disruption during learning than during retrieval. The following predictions were tested: (1) the TTX injection would spare learning but (2) impair retrieval of a place response in the water maze, which has a high associative representational demand but a low demand for segregation; (3) the injection would impair learning but (4) spare retrieval of place avoidance in the rotating arena filled with water, which has a high demand for stimulus segregation but a low associative representational demand. All four predictions were confirmed. The hypothesis also explains the pattern of sparing and impairment after the TTX injection in other place avoidance task variants, leading us to conclude that stimulus separation and association representation are dissociable functions of the hippocampus.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• anestetika lokální toxicita   MeSH
• bludiště - učení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chování zvířat MeSH
• hipokampus účinky léků   zranění   fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• poruchy paměti chemicky indukované   patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• rozpomínání účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• tetrodotoxin toxicita   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• úniková reakce účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anestetika lokální MeSH
• tetrodotoxin MeSH

The role of brain derived nitric oxide in the physiology and behavior remains disputable. One of the reasons of the controversies might be systemic side effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Therefore, under nNOS inhibition by 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) we carried out recordings of blood gasses, blood pressure and spontaneous EEG in conscious adult rats. Locomotion and spontaneous behavior were assessed in an open field. In addition skilled walking and limb coordination were evaluated using a ladder rung walking test. The blood gas analysis revealed a significant increase in pCO(2) 180 min and 240 min after the application of 7-NI. The power and entropy decreased simultaneously with a shift of the mean frequency of the spontaneous EEG toward slow oscillations after 7-NI treatment. The thresholds of evoked potentials underwent a significant drop and a trend towards a slight increase in the I-O curve slope was observed. 7-NI significantly suppressed open field behavior expressed as distance moved, exploratory rearing and grooming. As for the ladder rung walking test the 7-NI treated animals had more errors in foot placement indicating impairment in limb coordination. Therefore our findings suggest that 7-NI increased cortical excitability and altered some physiological and behavioral parameters.

• MeSH
• analýza krevních plynů MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• indazoly farmakologie   MeSH
• inhibitory enzymů farmakologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak účinky léků   MeSH
• motorické evokované potenciály MeSH
• motorické korové centrum účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• pátrací chování účinky léků   MeSH
• pohybová aktivita účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého, typ I antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 7-nitroindazole MeSH Prohlížeč
• indazoly MeSH
• inhibitory enzymů MeSH
• Nos1 protein, rat MeSH Prohlížeč
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého, typ I MeSH