• Klíčová slova
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM/physiology *, DISEASE *, ECOLOGY *, HYPERTENSION/etiology *,
• MeSH
• centrální nervový systém fyziologie   MeSH
• ekologie * MeSH
• esenciální hypertenze MeSH
• hypertenze etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoc * MeSH
• nervový systém - fyziologické jevy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Prototheca microalgae were only recognized as pathogens of both humans and animals in the 1960s; however, since then, these microbes have been drawing increasing interest in both human and veterinary medicine. The first human outbreak of protothecosis in a tertiary care chemotherapy ward in 2018 further highlighted the need to understand in more depth and detail their ecology, etiology, pathogenesis and routes of transmission between different hosts, environments and habitats from a One Health perspective. Protothecal infections have been reported in a growing number of cattle herds around the world in recent decades, and Prototheca has become an important bovine mastitis pathogen in certain countries and regions. The survival of Prototheca in the environment and its ability to spread in the herd pose a serious challenge to the management of infected dairy farms. Prevention of the disease is particularly important, as there is no effective and reliable treatment for it and the chances of self-healing are minimal. Therefore, the development of more effective drugs is needed for the treatment of human and animal protothecosis. The prudent use of antibiotics and their replacement by alternative or preventive measures, when possible, may further contribute to the control of protothecal infections.

• Klíčová slova
• One Health, Prototheca, ecology, food safety, mastitis, protothecosis,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• antibiotická rezistence * MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• fagotypizace MeSH
• gastrointestinální nemoci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce močového ústrojí mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekční nemoci kůže mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nazofarynx mikrobiologie   MeSH
• osteomyelitida mikrobiologie   MeSH
• plicní nemoci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• popálení mikrobiologie   MeSH
• přenašečství MeSH
• rány a poranění mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sepse mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus účinky léků   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

The common house shrew Suncus murinus has been shown to play an important role in maintenance and perpetuation of plague infection by earlier plague workers. With the control of human plague there is no knowledge about foci of plague in small mammals associated with man. Present study was carried out to fill in this Lacuna. Studies carried out in the present paper reveal that S. murinus does not harbour any plague infection in Bombay. This species is widely distributed in Bombay and is found to be associated with man throughout the year. The principal species of fleas harboured by this mammal is Xenopsylla cheopis. The insectivore mainly feeds on tine animals and insects and breeds throughout the year.

• MeSH
• ekologie * MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mor přenos   MeSH
• rejskovití mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Yersinia pestis izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

The oral microbiome plays key roles in human biology, health, and disease, but little is known about the global diversity, variation, or evolution of this microbial community. To better understand the evolution and changing ecology of the human oral microbiome, we analyzed 124 dental biofilm metagenomes from humans, including Neanderthals and Late Pleistocene to present-day modern humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, as well as New World howler monkeys for comparison. We find that a core microbiome of primarily biofilm structural taxa has been maintained throughout African hominid evolution, and these microbial groups are also shared with howler monkeys, suggesting that they have been important oral members since before the catarrhine-platyrrhine split ca. 40 Mya. However, community structure and individual microbial phylogenies do not closely reflect host relationships, and the dental biofilms of Homo and chimpanzees are distinguished by major taxonomic and functional differences. Reconstructing oral metagenomes from up to 100 thousand years ago, we show that the microbial profiles of both Neanderthals and modern humans are highly similar, sharing functional adaptations in nutrient metabolism. These include an apparent Homo-specific acquisition of salivary amylase-binding capability by oral streptococci, suggesting microbial coadaptation with host diet. We additionally find evidence of shared genetic diversity in the oral bacteria of Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic modern humans that is not observed in later modern human populations. Differences in the oral microbiomes of African hominids provide insights into human evolution, the ancestral state of the human microbiome, and a temporal framework for understanding microbial health and disease.

• Klíčová slova
• Neanderthal, dental calculus, microbiome, primate, salivary amylase,
• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• biofilmy MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• ekologie metody   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Gorilla gorilla mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Hominidae klasifikace   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metagenom genetika   MeSH
• mikrobiota genetika   MeSH
• Pan troglodytes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ústa mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zubní plak mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afrika MeSH

• MeSH
• ekologie * MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
• klíšťata MeSH
• myši MeSH
• sérologické testy MeSH
• viry klíšťové encefalitidy izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Rakousko MeSH

The bacterial species of the family Vibrionaceae, particularly the species of the genus Aeromonas (A. hydrophila and A. punctata and their subspecies were found to be relatively common in the running surface water in Czechoslovakia (the occurrence of A. salmonicida species was not studied). The strains of the so-called NAG-vibrios (Vibrio cholerae unrelated to the cholera vibrio 0 group 1) were also relatively frequent, but the positive isolates of Plesiomonas shigelloides were sporadic. The above described bacterial species occurred also in municipal sewage water and the strains of the Aeromonas genus were identified even in the drinking water of some wells and in foods. In the biological specimens from the human sources, namely in the feces of patients with diarrheal diseases, in secreta from the respiratory pathways, in the urine and occasionally in other material, there prevailed strains of the genus Aeromonas, especially A. hydrophila subsp. hydrophila and A. punctata subsp. caviae. Among the isolates from foods A. punctata subsp. caviae predominated. Positive isolates of the Aeromonas strains from the intestinal contents of cattle, domestic animals and some synantropic birds were rare. Importantly, a relatively great part of the isolates obtained from various sources (including the strains isolated from well water and foods) showed enterotoxigenic properties. The enterotoxigenicity was also observed in a great number of NAG-vibrio strains and in strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides. The occurrence of vibrios in the examined animal species was sporadic.

• MeSH
• Aeromonas izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• enterotoxiny biosyntéza   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• průjem mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ptáci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Vibrio cholerae izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Vibrionaceae izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• zásobování vodou MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• enterotoxiny MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH

Disease-suppressive soils encompass specific plant-pathogen-microbial interactions and represent a rare example of an agroecosystem where soil conditions and microbiome together prevent the pathogen from causing disease. Such soils have the potential to serve as a model for characterizing soil pathogen-related aspects of soil health, but the mechanisms driving the establishment of suppressive soils vary and are often poorly characterized. Yet, they can serve as a resource for identifying markers for beneficial activities of soil microorganisms concerning pathogen prevention. Many recent studies have focused on the nature of disease-suppressive soils, but it has remained difficult to predict where and when they will occur. This review outlines current knowledge on the distribution of these soils, soil manipulations leading to pathogen suppression, and markers including bacterial and fungal diversity, enzymes, and secondary metabolites. The importance to consider soil legacy in research on the principles that define suppressive soils is also highlighted. The goal is to extend the context in which we understand, study, and use disease-suppressive soils by evaluating the relationships in which they occur and function. Finally, we suggest that disease-suppressive soils are critical not only for the development of indicators of soil health, but also for the exploration of general ecological principles about the surrounding landscape, effects of deeper layers of the soil profile, little studied soil organisms, and their interactions for future use in modern agriculture.

• Klíčová slova
• disease control and pest management, ecology, microbiome,
• MeSH
• cíle MeSH
• nemoci rostlin prevence a kontrola   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• půda * MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda * MeSH

The ecological index (EI) as defined by Schulze et al. was determined in three localities of western Slovakia (Malacky, Podunajské Biskupice, Olichov) using the following criteria: suitability of the habitats for the occurrence of Ixodes ricinus ticks and their number, accessibility of habitat for men (I. phase); furthermore the abundance and infection rate of ticks (II. phase). A scoring procedure (point values of 1-5 for each parameter) was used to evaluate the EI of three localities studied. Based on obtained values it is suggested to differentiate foci as those with a definite (Malacky), potential (Podunajské Biskupice, Olichov), minimal and unprobable risk of transmission. The EI is considered a helpful method for assessing areas of risk for the transmission of Lyme borreliosis, indicating also the necessity of appropriate preventive measures.

• MeSH
• Borrelia burgdorferi komplex izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• klíšťata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymeská nemoc epidemiologie   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The concepts of "host" and "vector" are compared in application to arthropods which are capable to transmit pathogens to man and animals. The paper shows that these concepts are not identical. The function of such arthropods as hosts of microorganisms, as well as their possible importance in population ecology, epidemiology and epizootology are discussed. The system of different concepts corresponding to the tasks of these scientific disciplines is also considered.

• MeSH
• členovci - vektory * mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• parazitární nemoci přenos   MeSH
• virové nemoci přenos   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH