This cross-cultural study examined a potential direct effect of generativity and indirect effect through ego integrity on fear of death. In sum, 617 adults aged 60-86 from Germany, the Czech Republic, and Cameroon provided self-report information on their generative concern, ego integrity, and fear of death. Whereas it had no direct effect, generativity had an indirect effect on fear of death: It was associated with increased ego integrity which, in turn, was associated with reduced fear of death. This pattern was verified for the three cultural groups via structural equation modeling. Results suggest that generativity is not sufficient in coming to terms with one's mortality. Instead, generativity contributes to ego integrity which then helps to face death relatively unafraid.

• Klíčová slova
• Culture, Ego integrity, Fear of death, Generativity,
• MeSH
• ego * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• postoj ke smrti * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• stárnutí etnologie   psychologie   MeSH
• strach * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Kamerun MeSH
• Německo MeSH

The present study examines the association between various facets of generativity, that is, cultural demand for generativity, generative concern, and generative action, with the satisfaction of the needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy in samples of elderly from Cameroon, China (Hong Kong), the Czech Republic, and Germany. Participants provided information on self-transcendence values (internalized cultural demand), generative concern and action, and need satisfaction. Results suggest, first, that internalized cultural demand affects generative action indirectly through generative concern, second, that generative concern has a positive direct effect on need satisfaction, but that, third, there is also an indirect effect of generative concern on need satisfaction through generative action, which, fourth, is positive for the needs for relatedness and competence but negative for the need for autonomy. These findings were culture-invariant in our study, suggesting generalizability to other cultures. They are discussed with respect to the role of values in generativity and a possible trade-off of generative action for the satisfaction of needs at least in the elderly.

• MeSH
• kulturní charakteristiky * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobní uspokojení * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí MeSH
• vztahy mezi generacemi * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Hongkong MeSH
• Kamerun MeSH
• Německo MeSH

Generativity has been argued to be an important indicator of successful aging. Indeed, generative concern has been found to be associated with meaning in life. In the present study, this relationship is argued to be partly explained through generative goals. Moreover, the path between generative goals and meaning in life is hypothesized to be conditional on belief in the species (assessed through Machiavellianism as a proxy variable). This moderated mediation model is tested with data from 4 cultural samples: 856 Cameroonian, Czech, German, and Hong Kong Chinese participants aged at least 60 years provided information on their generative concern, generative goals, meaning in life, and Machiavellianism. Controlling for effects of relationship, level of education, everyday competence, and cognitive functioning on meaning in life, analyses confirmed the moderated mediation model in all cultural samples. That is, generative concern is partly associated with meaning in life because it leads to generative goals. In turn, these provide individuals with meaning in life. This association, however, depends on belief in the species in that meaning in life does not increase when Machiavellian attitudes compete with generative goals.

• MeSH
• cíle MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• kulturní charakteristiky * MeSH
• kulturní různorodost MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobní uspokojení * MeSH
• postoj * MeSH
• psychologické modely MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sociální chování * MeSH
• stárnutí psychologie   MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• vyjednávání MeSH
• život * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Hongkong MeSH
• Kamerun MeSH
• Německo MeSH

Objectives: Reminiscence is considered an important aspect of successful ageing. Prominent reminiscence functions in old age are to pass on important experiences (Teach/Inform) and to prepare for death (Death Preparation). These reminiscence functions were hypothesized to be associated with generative behavior which in turn was hypothesized to be associated with meaning in life. Thus, we tested an indirect effect of reminiscence functions on meaning in life mediated by generative behavior.Method: Elderly participants provided information on reminiscence functions, generative behavior, and meaning in life. Participants were recruited in Cameroon, China (Hong Kong), the Czech Republic, and Germany, to test the generalizability of findings.Results: The assumed indirect effect was identified: Reminiscence functions were associated with meaning in life via generative behavior. This pattern was found for all cultural samples.Conclusion: Albeit results have to be interpreted with caution as they are based on cross-sectional data, findings suggest that these reminiscence functions motivate generative behavior and thus indirectly affect meaning in life in elderlies from all four cultural contexts. In future studies, this effect needs to be replicated with a broader age range and a more fine-grained measure of generative behavior to account for potential differences in culturally appropriate generative outlets.

• Klíčová slova
• Reminiscence functions, ageing, culture, generativity, meaning in life,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průřezové studie * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Čína MeSH
• Hongkong MeSH
• Kamerun MeSH
• Německo MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• GENERAL PRACTICE *,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• praktické lékařství * MeSH
• praktičtí lékaři * MeSH
• rodinné lékařství * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Linking up with the topical activities of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) in defining the concepts generic alternative, generic substitution, therapeutic alternative, therapeutic substitution and therapeutic replacement and the proposed policy, the paper describes the state and development in the field of generics. The attention is devoted to the position of generics in selected countries, their definitions, labelling, pricing and generic substitution.

• MeSH
• generika * MeSH
• náklady na léky MeSH
• terapeutická ekvivalence * MeSH
• značení léčiv MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• generika * MeSH

Ever since its first use in surgery, general anesthesia has been regarded as a medical miracle enabling countless life-saving diagnostic and therapeutic interventions without pain sensation and traumatic memories. Despite several decades of research, there is a lack of understanding of how general anesthetics induce a reversible coma-like state. Emerging evidence suggests that even brief exposure to general anesthesia may have a lasting impact on mature and especially developing brains. Commonly used anesthetics have been shown to destabilize dendritic spines and induce an enhanced plasticity state, with effects on cognition, motor functions, mood, and social behavior. Herein, we review the effects of the most widely used general anesthetics on dendritic spine dynamics and discuss functional and molecular correlates with action mechanisms. We consider the impact of neurodevelopment, anatomical location of neurons, and their neurochemical profile on neuroplasticity induction, and review the putative signaling pathways. It emerges that in addition to possible adverse effects, the stimulation of synaptic remodeling with the formation of new connections by general anesthetics may present tremendous opportunities for translational research and neurorehabilitation.

• Klíčová slova
• Actin cytoskeleton, Cofilin, Dendritic spine dynamics, Depression, General anesthesia, Neuroplasticity,
• MeSH
• anestetika celková * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• celková anestezie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dendritické trny * MeSH
• mikrofilamenta MeSH
• neuroplasticita MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anestetika celková * MeSH

When dispensing the medication, the dispensing chemist should inform the patient about the possible alternatives to the medicament dispensed and, with his consent, he can replace it with another preparation of identical properties (a generic drug, a bioequivalent preparation) in case it is not forbidden by the physician. A replacement of the prescribed drug is performed in the case that the required preparation is not in stock and its immediate dispensation is necessary. The present paper compares the prices of generics and original preparations and the extent of replacements and substitutions. The method employed was an analysis of data about dispensation in pharmacies. Of 61 generics under study, 10 preparations had a higher price than the original ones. Replacements and substitutions were monitored for a period of 1 year in preparations containing 14 selected active ingredients. Instead of the prescribed preparations containing omeprazole and ranitidine (26 HVLP), generics were dispensed in 31.0%, i.e. 157 cases (13 of it were substitutions). In the groups of drugs used for high blood pressure therapy (9 active ingredients, 63 kinds of mass-produced preparations), generics were dispensed in 14.5%, i.e. 120 cases (112 cases of it were substitutions). Instead of the prescribed preparations containing simvastatin, atorvastatin and fenofibrate (42 mass-produced preparations), generics were dispensed in 17.5%, i.e. 82 cases (67 cases of it were substitutions). The found percentage of realized generic substitutions is low (6.2%-28.0% according to the type of the active ingredient) when calculated to the total amount of the performed replacements and substitutions.

• MeSH
• generika * ekonomika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náhrada léků * MeSH
• náklady na léky MeSH
• terapeutická ekvivalence MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• generika * MeSH

When the patent protection is terminated, the original registered-mark preparation becomes a generic drug, which results in a decrease in its price as compared with the original pharmaceutical. The effects of changes in price relation are discussed from the viewpoint of the generic firms and the manufacturers of original preparations. The differences in the insurance system and legislative regulations of the registration of generic preparations can markedly the size influence of the share of generic drugs in the total consumption of drugs. The future development of generic drugs from a general viewpoint is discussed in relation to the contemporary extensive expiration of patent protection of drugs. The hitherto results are summed up and the topics for the present strategy of the development of generic drugs in the Research Institute for Pharmacy and Biochemistry, or in the Czech Republic, respectively are discussed.

• MeSH
• farmaceutická technologie * MeSH
• farmaceutický průmysl * MeSH
• generika * ekonomika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• generika * MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ABNORMALITIES *, ANESTHESIA, GENERAL *, ANESTHESIA, INTRATRACHEAL *, JAW *, TRACHEOTOMY *,
• MeSH
• anestetika celková * MeSH
• anestezie * MeSH
• čelisti * MeSH
• celková anestezie * MeSH
• intratracheální anestezie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• tracheotomie * MeSH
• vrozené vady * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anestetika celková * MeSH