The rate of hexose transport was approximately 60% lower for both the high- and the low-affinity components of hexose uptake when a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was preincubated with glucose, as compared with preincubation with water. Similarly the Jmax value of the high-affinity system of the mutant was 25-35% of the corresponding Jmax value for normal cells incubated with glucose. Accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate or of some other metabolite, such as fructose 6-phosphate or trehalose, may be responsible for this striking inhibition.

• MeSH
• Biological Transport, Active drug effects   MeSH
• Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Glucose pharmacology   MeSH
• Hexoses pharmacokinetics   MeSH
• Kinetics MeSH
• Mutation MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase MeSH
• Glucose MeSH
• Hexoses MeSH

• MeSH
• Biological Transport MeSH
• Genes, Fungal genetics   MeSH
• Glucose metabolism   MeSH
• Kinetics MeSH
• Chromosome Mapping MeSH
• Mutation MeSH
• Monosaccharide Transport Proteins genetics   physiology   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Glucose MeSH
• Monosaccharide Transport Proteins MeSH

The presence of 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexose in the growth medium caused marked morphological changes in the cells of Rhodosporidium toruloides. The originally elongated ellipsoidal cells grew spherically in the presence of the deoxy-sugar, displayed differences in cell division and separation, and were larger than the control cells. After exhaustion of glucose from the medium the cells died, although no lysis was observed. The morphological changes were accompanied by significant alterations in the carbohydrate composition of the cell wall. The wall of R. toruloides grown in the presence of the deoxy-sugar contains higher proportions of chitin and glucan, while the relative contents of mannose and galactose polymers decreased drastically in comparison to normal cells.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota drug effects   MeSH
• Cell Division drug effects   MeSH
• Deoxy Sugars pharmacology   MeSH
• Deoxyglucose pharmacology   MeSH
• Ustilaginales cytology   drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Deoxy Sugars MeSH
• Deoxyglucose MeSH

Phospholipase C (Plc1p) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for normal degradation of repressor Mth1p and expression of the HXT genes encoding cell membrane transporters of glucose. Plc1p is also required for normal localization of glucose transporters to the cell membrane. Consequently, plc1Δ cells display histone hypoacetylation and transcriptional defects due to reduced uptake and metabolism of glucose to acetyl-CoA, a substrate for histone acetyltransferases. In the presence of glucose, Mth1p is phosphorylated by casein kinase I Yck1/2p, ubiquitinated by the SCFGrr1 complex and degraded by the proteasome. Here, we show that while Plc1p does not affect the function of the SCFGrr1 complex or the proteasome, it is required for normal protein level of Yck2p. Since stability of Yck1/2p is regulated by a glucose-dependent mechanism, PLC1 inactivation results in destabilization of Yck1/2p and defect in Mth1p degradation. Based on our results and published data, we propose a model in which plc1Δ mutation causes increased internalization of glucose transporters, decreased transport of glucose into the cells, and consequently decreased stability of Yck1/2p, increased stability of Mth1p and decreased expression of the HXT genes.

• Keywords
• casein kinase I, hexose transporters, phospholipase C, transcription,
• MeSH
• Type C Phospholipases metabolism   MeSH
• Casein Kinase I chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Monosaccharide Transport Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Recombinant Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytology   genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Enzyme Stability MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Type C Phospholipases MeSH
• Casein Kinase I MeSH
• Plc1 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Browser
• Monosaccharide Transport Proteins MeSH
• Recombinant Proteins MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins MeSH
• YCK2 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Browser

Nutrient availability controls the landscape of nutrient transporters present at the plasma membrane, notably by regulating their ubiquitylation and subsequent endocytosis. In yeast, this involves the Nedd4 ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 and arrestin-related trafficking adaptors (ARTs). ARTs are targeted by signaling pathways and warrant that cargo ubiquitylation and endocytosis appropriately respond to nutritional inputs. Here, we show that glucose deprivation regulates the ART protein Csr2/Art8 at multiple levels to trigger high-affinity glucose transporter endocytosis. Csr2 is transcriptionally induced in these conditions through the AMPK orthologue Snf1 and downstream transcriptional repressors. Upon synthesis, Csr2 becomes activated by ubiquitylation. In contrast, glucose replenishment induces CSR2 transcriptional shutdown and switches Csr2 to an inactive, deubiquitylated form. This glucose-induced deubiquitylation of Csr2 correlates with its phospho-dependent association with 14-3-3 proteins and involves protein kinase A. Thus, two glucose signaling pathways converge onto Csr2 to regulate hexose transporter endocytosis by glucose availability. These data illustrate novel mechanisms by which nutrients modulate ART activity and endocytosis.

• MeSH
• Arrestin genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Endocytosis * MeSH
• Transcription, Genetic MeSH
• Glucose deficiency   MeSH
• Nuclear Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Mutation MeSH
• Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism   MeSH
• Protein Phosphatase 1 metabolism   MeSH
• Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases metabolism   MeSH
• 14-3-3 Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Monosaccharide Transport Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal MeSH
• Repressor Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Ubiquitination MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Arrestin MeSH
• BMH1 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Browser
• BMH2 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Browser
• Csr2 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Browser
• Glucose MeSH
• Hxt6 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Browser
• HXT7 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Browser
• Nuclear Proteins MeSH
• MIG1 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Browser
• Mig2 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Browser
• Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases MeSH
• Protein Phosphatase 1 MeSH
• Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases MeSH
• 14-3-3 Proteins MeSH
• Monosaccharide Transport Proteins MeSH
• Repressor Proteins MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins MeSH
• SNF1-related protein kinases MeSH Browser

Oestradiol benzoate, as an aqueous microcrystal suspension, was administered i.m. to rats in doses of 1 mg twice a week; it induced adenohypophyseal hyperplasia and an increase of the thyroxine-binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins in vitro and raised the blood ceruloplasmin level. The simultaneous administration of a hexose monophosphate shunt inhibitor--6-aminonicotinamide (200 microgram/rat/day in food) or oxythiamine (8 mg/rat/day in food)--did not modify the reaction of the adenohypophysis; the hexose monophosphate shunt thus probably does not play a significant role in the adenohypophyseal reaction to oestrogens. By themselves, both inhibitors raised the blood ceruloplasmin level and their effect summated with that of oestradiol. The mechanism of action of the inhibitors is not known, but a nonspecific stress effect leading to an increase in the ceruloplasmin level as an "acute phase protein" is considered to be the most likely.

• MeSH
• 6-Aminonicotinamide pharmacology   MeSH
• Pituitary Gland, Anterior drug effects   MeSH
• Ceruloplasmin analysis   MeSH
• Estrogens administration & dosage   MeSH
• Hexosephosphates antagonists & inhibitors   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Niacinamide analogs & derivatives   MeSH
• Oxythiamine pharmacology   MeSH
• Thyroxine-Binding Proteins MeSH
• Thiazoles pharmacology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• 6-Aminonicotinamide MeSH
• Ceruloplasmin MeSH
• Estrogens MeSH
• Hexosephosphates MeSH
• Niacinamide MeSH
• Oxythiamine MeSH
• Thyroxine-Binding Proteins MeSH
• Thiazoles MeSH

Aerobic fermentation of media or solutions containing 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexose and calcium carbonate by bacterial cells capable of oxidizing aldoses to aldonic acids was used to prepare 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexonic acid; the acid was isolated in a 62% yield in the form of its 1,4-lactone.

• MeSH
• Aspergillus niger metabolism   MeSH
• Deoxy Sugars metabolism   MeSH
• Fermentation MeSH
• Sugar Acids metabolism   MeSH
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa metabolism   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Deoxy Sugars MeSH
• Sugar Acids MeSH

Based on the production and interrelationship of volatile fatty acids (VFA), the mathematical method according to Orskov et al. (1968) was used to determine the efficiency of VFA production, and/or conversion of the energy of hexoses contained in fodders into VFA energy in rumen. VFA were separated by gas chromatography. The energy yield of VFA production in the rumen contents of wethers was averaged from the samples taken one, three and five hours after feeding. Whethers were fed 11 experimental diets, in which a part of bulk fodder (5-20%) was replaced by treated or untreated sawdust, and/or a diet without sawdust. The energy yield varied from 73.12 to 76.51% and the maximum values were achieved with the diets containing no sawdust. Compared with the diets with sawdust addition, the differences are statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The addition of the treated beech sawdust to the same diet, in comparison with untreated sawdust resulted in a higher energy yield of VFA production, however, with no statistical significance. The ratio of acetate to propionate was in a direct but negative relationship to energy yield of VFA production (n = 44, r = -0.905, P less than 0.001). Therefore the diets rich in cellulose, which cause an increase in the molar percentage of acetic acid and a subsequent increase in the ratio of acetate to propionate, might be responsible for the energy losses in the form of methane and can result in the decrease in total energy balance (Orskov et al., 1968).

• MeSH
• Rumen metabolism   MeSH
• Wood * MeSH
• Energy Metabolism MeSH
• Fermentation MeSH
• Hexoses metabolism   MeSH
• Animal Feed * MeSH
• Fatty Acids, Volatile metabolism   MeSH
• Sheep metabolism   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Hexoses MeSH
• Fatty Acids, Volatile MeSH

• Keywords
• HEXOSES/effects *, REFLEX, CONDITIONED/effect of drugs on *,
• MeSH
• Hexoses pharmacology   MeSH
• Conditioning, Classical drug effects   MeSH
• Nervous System Physiological Phenomena * MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Reflex * MeSH
• Higher Nervous Activity * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Dogs MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Hexoses MeSH

• MeSH
• Anemia metabolism   MeSH
• Hexoses metabolism   MeSH
• Blood Glucose metabolism   MeSH
• Blood Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Sheep MeSH
• Protein Binding MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Hexoses MeSH
• Blood Glucose MeSH
• Blood Proteins MeSH