• Klíčová slova
• germ-free, gnotobiology, host-bacteria interactions, immune system, microbiota,
• MeSH
• Bacteria růst a vývoj   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• bakteriální nálož MeSH
• bydlení zvířat MeSH
• chov zvířat MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely * MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• úvodní články MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• bacteria-host interaction, cellular microbiology, flow cytometry, microbiota, microscopy, pathogens, single cell analysis,
• MeSH
• analýza jednotlivých buněk MeSH
• Bacteria * MeSH
• interakce mikroorganismu a hostitele * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH

Helminths and bacteria are major players in the mammalian gut ecosystem and each influences the host immune system and health. Declines in helminth prevalence and bacterial diversity appear to play a role in the dramatic rise of immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) in western populations. Helminths are potent modulators of immune system and their reintroduction is a promising therapeutic avenue for IMIDs. However, the introduction of helminths represents a disturbance for the host and it is important to understand the impact of helminth reintroduction on the host, including the immune system and gut microbiome. We tested the impact of a benign tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, in a rat model system. We find that H. diminuta infection results in increased interleukin 10 gene expression in the beginning of the prepatent period, consistent with induction of a type 2 immune response. We also find induction of humoral immunity during the patent period, shown here by increased IgA in feces. Further, we see an immuno-modulatory effect in the small intestine and spleen in patent period, as measured by reductions in tissue immune cells. We observed shifts in microbiota community composition during the patent period (beta-diversity) in response to H. diminuta infection. However, these compositional changes appear to be minor; they occur within families and genera common to both treatment groups. There was no change in alpha diversity. Hymenolepis diminuta is a promising model for helminth therapy because it establishes long-term, stable colonization in rats and modulates the immune system without causing bacterial dysbiosis. These results suggest that the goal of engineering a therapeutic helminth that can safely manipulate the mammalian immune system without disrupting the rest of the gut ecosystem is in reach.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• feces chemie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Hymenolepis diminuta imunologie   MeSH
• imunitní systém * MeSH
• imunoglobulin A analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita imunologie   MeSH
• interleukin-10 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• regulace genové exprese imunologie   MeSH
• slezina imunologie   MeSH
• střeva mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulin A MeSH
• interleukin-10 MeSH

The functional relevance of microbiota is a key aspect for understanding host-microbiota interactions. Mammalian skin harbours a complex consortium of beneficial microorganisms known to provide health and immune-boosting advantages. As yet, however, little is known about functional microbial communities on avian feathers, including their co-evolution with the host and factors determining feather microbiota (FM) diversity. Using 16S rRNA profiling, we investigated how host species identity, phylogeny and geographic origin determine FM in free-living passerine birds. Moreover, we estimated the relative abundance of bacteriocin-producing bacteria (BPB) and keratinolytic feather damaging bacteria (FDB) and evaluated the ability of BPB to affect FM diversity and relative abundance of FDB. Host species identity was associated with feather bacterial communities more strongly than host geographic origin. FM functional properties differed in terms of estimated BPB and FDB relative abundance, with both showing interspecific variation. FM diversity was negatively associated with BPB relative abundance across species, whereas BPB and FDB relative abundance was positively correlated. This study provides the first thorough evaluation of antimicrobial peptides-producing bacterial communities inhabiting the feather integument, including their likely potential to mediate niche-competition and to be associated with functional species-specific feather microbiota in avian hosts.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• bakteriociny biosyntéza   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hostitelská specificita MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• peří mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ptáci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriociny MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review focuses on the recent discoveries about the impact of intestinal microbiota on mammalian host juvenile growth. RECENT FINDINGS: Intestinal microbiota is a powerful modulator of many facets of multicellular host's physiology. Recent results from human field studies and animal research have clearly shown that not only the nutrition, but also the intestinal microbiota impacts host postnatal growth kinetics. Absence of microbiome leads to stunted growth in mammalian gnotobiotic models and changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota can impact the postnatal growth kinetics both positively and negatively under normal nutritional conditions as well as in undernutrition. Strikingly, specific bacterial strains are able to interact with GH/IGF-1 somatotropic axis activity, thus directly impacting host juvenile development. SUMMARY: Intestinal microbiota dictates the pace of host postnatal growth. This newly described role envisages that therapy with specific bacterial strains, together with re-nutritional strategies, might successfully alleviate the long-term sequelae of undernutrition during childhood in humans.

• MeSH
• Bacteria MeSH
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podvýživa komplikace   mikrobiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• poruchy růstu etiologie   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• probiotika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• růst MeSH
• růstový hormon metabolismus   MeSH
• savci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• střeva mikrobiologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I MeSH
• růstový hormon MeSH

This brief review is dedicated to the legacy of Prof. Jaroslav Šterzl and his colleagues, who laid the foundation for gnotobiology in the former Czechoslovakia 55 years. Prof. Sterzl became one of the founders of modern Czechoslovak immunology, which was characterized by work on a wide range of problems needing to be solved. While examining the mechanisms of innate immunity, he focused his studies on the induction of antibody production by immunocompetent cells involved in adaptive immune transmission while using the model of pig fetuses and germ-free piglets and characterizing immunoglobulins in the sera of these piglets. Although not fully appreciated to this day, his experimental proof of the hypothesis focused on the common precursor of cell-forming antibodies of different isotypes was later confirmed in experiments at the gene level. Prof. Sterzl's work represented a true milestone in the development of not solely Czechoslovak but also European and global immunology. He collaborated closely with the World Health Organization for many years, serving there as leader of the Reference Laboratory for Factors of Innate Immunity.

• Klíčová slova
• Germ-free model, Gnotobiology, Host-pathogen interaction, Innate immunity, Microbiota,
• MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely * MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Closely related host species share similar symbionts, but the effects of host genetic admixture and environmental conditions on these communities remain largely unknown. We investigated the influence of host genetic admixture and environmental factors on the intestinal prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities (fungi, parasites) of two house mouse subspecies (Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. musculus) and their hybrids in two settings: (i) wild-caught mice from the European hybrid zone and (ii) wild-derived inbred mice in a controlled laboratory environment before and during a community perturbation (infection). In wild-caught mice, environmental factors strongly predicted the overall microbiome composition. Subspecies' genetic distance significantly influenced the overall microbiome composition, and each component (bacteria, parasites and fungi). While hybridization had a weak effect, it significantly impacted fungal composition. We observed similar patterns in wild-derived mice, where genetic distances and hybridization influenced microbiome composition, with fungi being more stable to infection-induced perturbations than other microbiome components. Subspecies' genetic distance has a stronger and consistent effect across microbiome components than differences in expected heterozygosity among hybrids, suggesting that host divergence and host filtering play a key role in microbiome divergence, influenced by environmental factors. Our findings offer new insights into the eco-evolutionary processes shaping host-microbiome interactions.

• Klíčová slova
• host–microbiome interactions, hybridization, microbiome, spatial environment, species barriers,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• hybridizace genetická * MeSH
• interakce mikroorganismu a hostitele MeSH
• mikrobiota MeSH
• myši MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Invasive parasites that expand their natural range can be a threat to wildlife biodiversity and may pose a health risk to non-adapted, naive host species. The invasive giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, native to North America, has extended its range in Europe and uses mainly red deer (Cervus elaphus) as definitive hosts. The penetration of the intestinal barrier by the young flukes to reach the liver via the abdominal cavity as well as the release of fluke metabolism products and excreta with the bile and/or changes in the microbial community of the biliary system may enable the translocation of intestinal bacteria across the intestinal barrier and, in turn, could be associated with inflammation and changes in the intestinal bacterial community. The gut commensal community plays a key role in host nutrition and interacts with cells of the immune system to maintain host health. For this study, the gut bacterial community of red deer infected with F. magna and of non-infected red deer from one of the largest forest ecosystems in Central Europe, located on the border between the Czech Republic and Germany, was investigated. The individual fluke burden was associated with changes in the gut microbial composition of the gut of infected individuals, whereas the diversity and composition of the gut bacteria were only slightly different between fluke-infected and uninfected deer. Several bacterial taxa at the genus level were unique to individuals carrying either one or many liver flukes. Our results suggest that the microbiota of red deer is stable to perturbation by low numbers of F. magna. However, a larger parasite burden may cause changes in the gut microbial composition in definitive hosts implying that non-invasive fecal microbiome assessments could serve as indicator for wildlife health monitoring.

• Klíčová slova
• Bohemian forest ecosystem, Gut microbiota, Invasive parasite, Liver fluke Fascioloides magna, Wildlife health monitoring,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The question of how interactions between the gut microbiome and vertebrate hosts contribute to host adaptation and speciation is one of the major problems in current evolutionary research. Using bacteriome and mycobiome metabarcoding, we examined how these two components of the gut microbiota vary with the degree of host admixture in secondary contact between two house mouse subspecies (Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus). We used a large data set collected at two replicates of the hybrid zone and model-based statistical analyses to ensure the robustness of our results. Assuming that the microbiota of wild hosts suffers from spatial autocorrelation, we directly compared the results of statistical models that were spatially naive with those that accounted for spatial autocorrelation. We showed that neglecting spatial autocorrelation can strongly affect the results and lead to misleading conclusions. The spatial analyses showed little difference between subspecies, both in microbiome composition and in individual bacterial lineages. Similarly, the degree of admixture had minimal effects on the gut bacteriome and mycobiome and was caused by changes in a few microbial lineages that correspond to the common symbionts of free-living house mice. In contrast to previous studies, these data do not support the hypothesis that the microbiota plays an important role in host reproductive isolation in this particular model system.

• Klíčová slova
• Mus musculus, admixture, gut microbiota, hybrid zone, spatial autocorrelation,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• reprodukční izolace MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The gastrointestinal microbiota (GM) is considered an important component of the vertebrate holobiont. GM-host interactions influence the fitness of holobionts and are, therefore, an integral part of evolution. The house mouse is a prominent model for GM-host interactions, and evidence suggests a role for GM in mouse speciation. However, previous studies based on short 16S rRNA GM profiles of wild house mouse subspecies failed to detect GM divergence, which is a prerequisite for the inclusion of GM in Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities. Here, we used standard 16S rRNA GM profiling in two mouse subspecies, Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus, including the intestinal mucosa and content of three gut sections (ileum, caecum, and colon). We reduced environmental variability by sampling GM in the offspring of wild mice bred under seminatural conditions. Although the breeding conditions allowed a contact between the subspecies, we found a clear differentiation of GM between them, in all three gut sections. Differentiation was mainly driven by several Helicobacters and two H. ganmani variants showed a signal of codivergence with their hosts. Helicobacters represent promising candidates for studying GM-host coadaptations and the fitness effects of their interactions.

• Klíčová slova
• Helicobacter, evolution, gut microbiome, metabarcoding, seminatural breeding, speciation,
• MeSH
• interakce mikroorganismu a hostitele MeSH
• myši MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH