AIM: The aim of this study was to examine possible changes in the conventionally undiagnosed nasal visual field in patients diagnosed with early primary open angle glaucoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Examination of the far nasal part of the visual field was performed in 30 patients (60 eyes) with early stage of primary open angle glaucoma (preperimetric stage of changes). The cohort consisted of 16 women (mean age 46.5 years) and 14 men (mean age 44.7 years). In all eyes, the glaucoma program (rapid threshold program of 50 degrees nasally and 22 degrees temporally) was performed with the Medmont M700 instrument to determine the physiological visual field. Visual acuity was 1.0 with a possible correction less than or equal to ±3 diopters and they had no other ocular defect except glaucoma disease. The visual field was subsequently examined with the same instrument by moving the fixation point 40 degrees temporally (spatially adaptive program) and simultaneously turning the head 10 degrees nasally. A total of 89 examination points were included using flicker stimuli and a range of 0-120 degrees nasally. RESULTS: The far nasal limit of the visual field reached 100° in 13.33% of eyes, 105° in 20% of eyes and up to 110° in 66.67% of eyes. CONCLUSION: In all eyes, depression of the distal periphery of the nasal part of the visual field was found to range from 50 to 95 degrees, with a normal visual field examined by the glaucoma program.

• Klíčová slova
• early diagnosis of glaucoma, early diagnosis of glaucoma, far nasal visual field, primary open angle glaucoma,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glaukom s otevřeným úhlem * diagnóza   MeSH
• glaukom * diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nitrooční tlak MeSH
• testy zrakového pole MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• zraková pole MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The open field test (OFT) is a basic and most widely used test for investigation in animal studies of the neurobiological basis of anxiety and screening for novel drug targets. Here, we present the results of an OFT for weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii. This study aimed to describe the behavioral response of G. petersii exposed to an OFT, simultaneously with an evaluation of electrical organ discharges (EOD), to determine whether any association between EOD and patterns of motor behavior in the OFT exists. Treatment of OFT activity and its temporal patterning was assessed for the whole 6-min trial as well as per-minute distributions of activity using a near-infrared camera and an EOD data acquisition system. Our results demonstrated that the time spent, distance moved, and time of activity were significantly higher in the periphery of the OFT arena. The zone preference pattern over the 6-min test session showed that G. petersii prefer the outer zone (83.61%) over the center of the arena (16.39%). The motor behavior of fish measured as distance moved, active time, and swim speed were correlated with the number of EODs; however, no relationship was found between EOD and acceleration.

• Klíčová slova
• EOD, Gnathonemus petersii, anxiety, exploratory behavior, motor behavior, open field, thigmotaxis,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Non-selected group of 53 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, divided into the 4 groups according to the degree of optic disc atrophy with c/d ratio: I. 0.3-0.45, II. 0.46-0.6, III. 0.61-0.8, and IV. > than 0.81 statistically compared with perimetric results divided also into the 4 groups of relevance: I. negative or relative scotoma, II. spotted or arcuate and also absolute defects without the connection with blind spot, III. arcuate also absolute defects connected with blind spot, IV. larger than upward defects. Mutual relation of these groups evaluated by Friedman's correlative coefficient of nonparametric data (= 0,3317) and graphically by Chi quadrat test. Discussed problem of early changes of visual field and c/d ratio at glaucoma and the use of correlation between the functional changes and structural characteristics of optic disc.

• MeSH
• discus nervi optici patologie   MeSH
• glaukom s otevřeným úhlem patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• testy zrakového pole * MeSH
• zraková pole * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

In a group of 35 eyes with open angle glaucoma the visual field was examined by means of standard white perimetry and coloured blue-yellow perimetry. The results of the two types of examination of the central visual field were evaluated by statistical analysis where the assessed statistical parameters of the visual field of the investigated eyes with glaucoma we recompared. In the group a significant difference was found in the mean sensitivity of the retina (MS), mean loss of sensitivity (MD) and loss variance (LV) between white and coloured perimetry. The investigated indexes of the visual field in coloured perimetry differed significantly as compared with standard perimetry, i.e. the values of median sensitivity were lower and those of the mean loss of sensitivity were higher. From the results of our investigation ensues that coloured perimetry was a more sensitive method for the detection of changes of the visual field in a group of eyes with open angle glaucoma than conventional white perimetry.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glaukom s otevřeným úhlem patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• testy zrakového pole * MeSH
• zraková pole * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare changes in the conventionally undiagnosed distal nasal visual field with RNFL in patients with early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 59 eyes of 32 patients (18 women, 14 men) with early stage POAG were included. All eyes were found to have a normal visual field (fast threshold program of 50 degrees nasally and 22 degrees temporally) with the Medmont M700. Visual acuity was 1.0 (with a possible correction ±3 D), and they had no other ocular pathology except glaucoma. The visual field was subsequently examined with the same instrument by moving the fixation point 40 degrees temporally (spatially adaptive program) and simultaneously turning the head 10 degrees nasally. A total of 89 examination points were included using flicker stimuli in a range of 0-120 degrees nasally. Nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and vessel density (VD) was measured using the in-built software of the Avanti RTVue XR instrument. Using Pearson's correlation coefficient, the results of visual field examination with RNFL without and after correction (by subtracting VD from total RNFL value) in the superior-nasal (SN-5) and inferior-nasal (IN-8) segments were compared. RESULTS: In all eyes, changes were found in the distal periphery of the nasal part of the visual field. No correlation was noted by comparison with RNFL. After adjusting RNFL for VD, we observed no correlation in the SN segment (5) (r=-0.03) and a very weak correlation in the IN segment (8) (r=-0.16). CONCLUSION: With a normal visual field tested by the rapid threshold glaucoma program, changes in the distal part of the nasal periphery of the visual field were found in the entire cohort and did not correlate with the RNFL and RNFL results after correction from VD.

• Klíčová slova
• RNFL, distal nasal visual field, early diagnosis of POAG,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive glaucoma (HTG) causes damage to the retinal ganglion cells and eventually to the entire visual pathway due to high intraocular pressure (IOP). However, increased IOP will also affect the vessel density (VD) of the posterior pole of the eye and the related retinal ganglion nerve fibres (RNFL). In normotensive glaucoma (NTG), the retinal ganglion cells are relatively intact. The pathology is at the level of ganglion fibres. The unanswered question is what has altered ganglion cell fibres at the level of the retina and optic nerve head in NTG? AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and vessel density (VD) at the same altitudinal half of the retina and the sum of sensitivities of the contralateral half of the visual field of the same eye in hypertensive and normotensive glaucoma (NTG). METHODS: Our group included 20 patients with HTG and 20 patients with NTG. The Pearson's correlation coefficient r was used for evaluation of the relationship of the peripapillary RNFL and VD, visual field (using the fast threshold glaucoma program) as the sum of sensitivities in apostilbs (asb) to the extent of 0-22 degrees. The results of sensitivity were compared with the RNFL and VD of the contralateral altitudinal half of the retina in the same eye. RESULTS: In the HTG group there was a moderate relationship between RNFL and VD (both hemifields), but no relationship between RNFL and VF. VD SH and VF IH showed weak correlation and VD IH and VF SH showed no correlation. In patients with NTG, we found a strong correlation between RNFL and VD (both hemifields), between VD SH and VF IH a moderate correlation, between VD IH and VF SH also a moderate correlation and a weak correlation between RNFL and VF. CONCLUSION: By comparing the RNFL and VD at the same altitudinal halves of the retina, we found a moderate correlation in HTG and a strong correlation in NTG. We found no or a weak correlation between VD and VF in HTG. In NTG the relationship between VD and VF showed a strong correlation. These findings reveal the differences in the diagnostic groups.

• Klíčová slova
• hypertensive glaucoma, normotensive glaucoma, optical coherence tomography angiography, retinal nerve fibre layer, vessel density, visual field,
• MeSH
• angiografie MeSH
• glaukom s otevřeným úhlem * MeSH
• glaukom * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nitrooční tlak MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie MeSH
• zraková pole MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE: Behavioral side effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are common including both positive and negative effects on mood, anxiety, depression, and psychosis. We aimed to evaluate behavioral patterns in rats after administration of lamotrigine, levetiracetam, phenytoin, topiramate, carbamazepine, gabapentin, pregabalin, and zonisamide. METHODS: The open-field test was performed and locomotion, rearing, grooming, central latency and defecation were recorded over a 5min interval for each rat (8 rats in each group receiving AED and 16 controls). Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test or ANOVA were used to assess differences among the groups. RESULTS: The experimental groups did not differ in latency to enter the center compartment, neither in the decline of locomotor activity in the 1st and the 5th minute of the observation, nor in number of rears. Significant differences among groups were observed in the total number of lines crossed, grooming, as well in the number of fecal pellets. Locomotor activity was significantly increased in lamotrigine, if compared with gabapentin and pregabalin (ANOVA; p <0.05). Rats exposed to topiramate displayed a significantly increased number of grooming (when compared to pregabalin: p<0.01). Defecation (the number of fecal pellets) significantly increased in the gabapentin and carbamazepine group. CONCLUSION: There are significant differences between AEDs in terms of their behavioral profile. It is of great importance to evaluate these effects in clinical practice to bring more clear insight into these positive or negative side effects of AEDs.

• Klíčová slova
• Antiepileptic drugs, Anxiety, Behavior, Open-field test,
• MeSH
• afekt účinky léků   MeSH
• antikonvulziva krev   farmakologie   MeSH
• feces MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lokomoce účinky léků   MeSH
• neparametrická statistika MeSH
• pátrací chování účinky léků   MeSH
• péče o zevnějšek u zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• reakční čas účinky léků   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antikonvulziva MeSH

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine whether hypertensive glaucoma (HTG) with different types of treatment leads to significant damage in any of the evaluated parameters. SAMPLE AND METHODOLOGY: The sample, consisting of 36 HTG patients (72 eyes), was divided into three subgroups: In the first group, patients were treated with combination therapy (latanoprost + timolol, latanoprost + dorzolamide + timolol, dorzolamide + timolol). The group consisted of seven women and five men, with an average age of 64 years (49-81). In the second group, patients were treated with beta-blockers (carteolol, betaxolol, timolol). The group consisted of five women and five men, with an average age of 62 years (27-77). In the third group, patients were treated with prostaglandins (latanoprost, bimatoprost). The group consisted of eleven women and three men, with an average age of 61 years (61-78). Criteria for inclusion in the study were visual acuity of 1.0 with a possible correction of less than ±3 dioptres, approximately the same changes in the visual fields of all patients, an intraocular pressure (IOP) of less than 18 mmHg, and no other ocular or neurological disease. The retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) on the optic nerve target and vessel density (VD) was measured using an Avanti RTVue XR from Optovue. We determined the values of VD in whole image (WI) and VD of peripapillary (PP). In both cases, we then measured all vessels (VDa) and small vessels (VDs). The visual field was examined by means of a fast threshold glaucoma program with a Medmont M 700 instrument. In addition to the sum of sensitivities in apostilbs (asb) in the range of 0-22 degrees, the overall visual field defect (OD) was also evaluated. The statistical analysis was carried out using a multivariate regression model with adjustment for age and gender. The measured values of the third group were taken as baseline. RESULTS: In the statistical analysis, we have found differences in visual field in the combination treatment group (p = 0.0006) and differences were recorded for RNFL in the beta-blocker group (p = 0.04).

• Klíčová slova
• Hypertensive glaucoma, RNFL, various kinds of glaucoma treatment, vessel density, visual field,
• MeSH
• angiografie MeSH
• glaukom s otevřeným úhlem * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• glaukom * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nitrooční tlak MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie MeSH
• timolol terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zraková pole MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• timolol MeSH

PURPOSE: To correlate the analysis of the optic nerve head (ONH) obtained with Disc Damage Likelihood Scale (DDLS), Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II (HRT II), and visual field (VF) parameters (Aulhorn scale, mean deviation [MD], and pattern standard deviation [PSD]) in patients with glaucoma. METHODS: Sixty-five eyes were evaluated using the DDLS classification. Fifty-seven eyes had stable primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and eight eyes were normal (control group). Classification of the ONH was performed using the HRT II, with Moorfields Regression Analysis (MRA) and Cup Shape Measure (CSM) indexes. The VF was examined by Full Threshold test (30-2) using the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) perimeter and evaluated by three METHODS: Aulhorn's scale of 0 to 6, and two global indices, MD and PSD. RESULTS: The amount of ONH damage as estimated by the DDLS correlated well with topographic damage determined by HRT II (r=0.923 with MRA and r=0.807 with CSM) and with visual field loss as measured by the MD (r=-0.792) and PSD (r=0.718) of the HFA and Aulhorn field staging system (r=0.849). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that evaluation of the ONH using the DDLS provides information that correlates well with VF and with data obtained from HRT II.

• MeSH
• diagnostické techniky oftalmologické MeSH
• discus nervi optici patologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glaukom s otevřeným úhlem diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci zrakového nervu diagnóza   MeSH
• nitrooční tlak MeSH
• poruchy zraku diagnóza   MeSH
• pravděpodobnostní funkce MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• testy zrakového pole MeSH
• tomografie metody   MeSH
• tonometrie oční MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• zraková pole * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The paper is aimed at the evaluation the effect of relatively low doses of ethanol and physostigmine salicylate on behavior of the male Wistar rat in an open field test. Both drugs were administered as a solution intragastrically 1 hour before the test started in dose ranges of 0.6-1.8 g/kg and 0.06-0.18 mg/kg, respectively. Lower doses of ethanol showed dose dependent biphasic effect on the ambulation and grooming time in animals. The medium dose 1.2 g/kg was rather ineffective in affecting rat behavior in the hole board test. Individual variables showed different sensitivity to individual ethanol doses. But from the medium dose, individual manifestations of ataxia were observed. Using the dose, only total ambulation, rearing time and rear latency were not affected when the rats were experienced with repeated exposure to open field arena or ethanol dose beforehand. Physostigmine alone increased defecation level significantly by two doses but lower doses changed some of the other variables, too. Combined administration of both drugs in medium doses did not affect the rat behavior considerably. The intra-trial habituation of three parameters of OF behavior seems to be influenced differently. Ethanol showed a tendency to facilitate the habituation of rearing, but rather to interfere with that of grooming. The later effect was also shown for physostigmine 0.12 mg/kg. The experimental part of the paper is supplied by the discussion of aspects important for modulation of rodent behavior in an open field test.

• MeSH
• alkoholismus patofyziologie   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• ethanol farmakologie   MeSH
• fysostigmin farmakologie   MeSH
• inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• pohybová aktivita účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH
• fysostigmin MeSH