activity recognition
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Depression greatly affects sexuality. Theoretical and empirical evidence account for the existence of attention bias to sex-related stimuli. This attention bias might be impaired in depression, resulting in sexual problems. A sample of 13 patients with depression and 13 matched healthy controls were tested using the dot-probe and picture recognition task to measure attention to erotic images. No difference in attention to sex-related stimuli (ω2 = 0, p = 0.22) and in memory bias (ω2 = 0, p = 0.72) was found between the two groups. Explorative analyses were conducted to identify the sexual content-induced delay effect in the data, assess variability differences, and compare trial-level bias score-based indexes between groups. Across all analyses, there was little evidence for depression affecting sexual-related cognitive processing, and even this might be explained by other means. Our results suggest that restrained attention is probably not the main factor behind sexual problems in depression.
- Klíčová slova
- attention bias, depression, dot probe task, recognition, sexual response, sexuality,
- MeSH
- deprese * MeSH
- erotika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odklon pozornosti * MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) MeSH
- sexuální chování MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Pattern recognition and multivariate time-dependent structure-activity relationships were applied to a series of N-4-substituted 1-(2-arylethyl)-4-piperidinyl-N-phenylpropanamides. A correct classification of drugs to similar clusters requires identical results obtained from biological and chemical pattern recognition. The time point of the bioassay determines the significance of physicochemical features, and it was shown that substituent contributions vary within the time of bioassay.
Prazosin, an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, is well known for its depressant effect on motivation and motor activity, while it has no effect on retention of spatial behavior in several tasks, e.g. in the Morris water maze and radial arm maze. The role of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in operant tasks with stimulus-controlled behavior has not yet been tested. The present study investigated the effect of prazosin on the modulation of overall motor activity and on cognitive performance in a spatial operant task called object-position recognition task, where operant behavior (lever pressing) was controlled by spatial stimuli displayed on a computer screen. This task has been previously showed to be hippocampal-dependent. Pre-test injection of prazosin at the dose of 3 mg/kg decreased the responding rate, while it did not affect the recognition of object's position. In conclusion, we validated the new cognitive test with a drug with known pharmacological effects on behavior and confirmed the depressant effect of prazosin on motor activity and no effect on retrieval of spatial memory in the hippocampal-dependent operant task.
- MeSH
- alfa-1-adrenergní receptory - antagonisté farmakologie MeSH
- alfa-1-adrenergní receptory účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- hipokampus účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- kognice účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- operantní podmiňování účinky léků MeSH
- pohybová aktivita účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- prazosin farmakologie MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků MeSH
- vnímání prostoru účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- alfa-1-adrenergní receptory - antagonisté MeSH
- alfa-1-adrenergní receptory MeSH
- prazosin MeSH
Recognition memory is the ability to recognize previously encountered objects. Even this relatively simple, yet extremely fast, ability requires the coordinated activity of large-scale brain networks. However, little is known about the sub-second dynamics of these networks. The majority of current studies into large-scale network dynamics is primarily based on imaging techniques suffering from either poor temporal or spatial resolution. We investigated the dynamics of large-scale functional brain networks underlying recognition memory at the millisecond scale. Specifically, we analyzed dynamic effective connectivity from intracranial electroencephalography while epileptic subjects (n = 18) performed a fast visual recognition memory task. Our data-driven investigation using Granger causality and the analysis of communities with the Louvain algorithm spotlighted a dynamic interplay of two large-scale networks associated with successful recognition. The first network involved the right visual ventral stream and bilateral frontal regions. It was characterized by early, predominantly bottom-up information flow peaking at 115 ms. It was followed by the involvement of another network with predominantly top-down connectivity peaking at 220 ms, mainly in the left anterior hemisphere. The transition between these two networks was associated with changes in network topology, evolving from a more segregated to a more integrated state. These results highlight that distinct large-scale brain networks involved in visual recognition memory unfold early and quickly, within the first 300 ms after stimulus onset. Our study extends the current understanding of the rapid network changes during rapid cognitive processes.
- Klíčová slova
- connectivity, dynamics, intracranial EEG, network, recognition memory,
- MeSH
- čelní lalok MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mapování mozku * metody MeSH
- mozek * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- paměť MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The work investigates the application of artificial neural networks and logistic regression for the recognition of activities performed by room occupants. KNX (Konnex) standard-based devices were selected for smart home automation and data collection. The obtained data from these devices (Humidity, CO2, temperature) were used in combination with two wearable gadgets to classify specific activities performed by the room occupant. The obtained classifications can benefit the occupant by monitoring the wellbeing of elderly residents and providing optimal air quality and temperature by utilizing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning control. The obtained results yield accurate classification.
- Klíčová slova
- activity recognition, artificial neural network, classification, deep learning, intelligent buildings, logistic regression, prediction, smart homes,
- MeSH
- klimatizace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidské činnosti * MeSH
- logistické modely MeSH
- neuronové sítě MeSH
- nositelná elektronika * MeSH
- oxid uhličitý MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- větrání MeSH
- vlhkost MeSH
- vytápění MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- oxid uhličitý MeSH
Oculocutaneous albinism is the result of a combination of homozygous recessive mutations that block the synthesis of the tyrosine and melatonin hormones. This disability is associated with physiological limitations, e.g., visual impairment expressed by lower visual acuity and movement perception, and eventually leads to acrophobia and/or photophobia, suggesting a potentially higher stress level associated with the behavioral responses of individuals with albinism to external stimuli compared to their pigmented conspecifics. However, in fish, differences in behavioral and/or physiological responses and stress levels between these phenotypes have been poorly documented. While acoustic perception of albino individuals is well known, the use of olfactory sensors for social communication, e.g., for the preference for familiar conspecifics, remains poorly understood. We performed two laboratory experiments with albino and pigmented European catfish Silurus glanis to observe: i) their behavioral and physiological responses to short-term stress induced by a combination of air exposure and novel environmental stressors and ii) their ability to use odor keys to recognize of familiar conspecifics and the influence of lateralization on this preference. In response to stress stimuli, albino fish showed higher movement activities and ventilatory frequencies and more often changed their swimming directions compared to their pigmented conspecifics. Blood plasma analysis showed significantly higher values of stress-, deprivation-, and emotional arousal-associated substances, e.g., glucose and lactate, as well as of substances released during intensive muscle activity of hyperventilation and tissue hypoxia, e.g., hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and neutrophil granulocytes. A preference test between environments with and without scented water showed the preference by both albino and pigmented catfish for environments with scent of familiar conspecifics, and both groups of fish displayed left-side lateralization associated with the observation of conspecifics and group coordination. The results tended to show higher physiological and behavioral responses of albinos to stress stimuli compared to the responses of their pigmented conspecifics, but the uses of olfactory sensors and lateralization were not differentiated between the two groups.
- Klíčová slova
- albinism, blood plasma, fish, frequency, movement activity, preference test, ventilatory,
- MeSH
- albinismus * MeSH
- fobie MeSH
- plavání MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) MeSH
- sumci * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Primary interaction of an intracellular bacterium with its host cell is initiated by activation of multiple signaling pathways in response to bacterium recognition itself or as cellular responses to stress induced by the bacterium. The leading molecules in these processes are cell surface membrane receptors as well as cytosolic pattern recognition receptors recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns induced by the invading bacterium. In this review, we demonstrate possible sequences of events leading to recognition of Francisella tularensis, present findings on known mechanisms for manipulating cell responses to protect Francisella from being killed, and discuss newly published data from the perspective of early stages of host-pathogen interaction.
- Klíčová slova
- Francisella tularensis, innate immune recognition, intracellular replication, phagocytosis, signaling pathways,
- MeSH
- alarminy genetika imunologie MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- fagocytóza genetika MeSH
- Francisella tularensis genetika imunologie patogenita MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- makrofágy imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- PAMP struktury imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- přirozená imunita * MeSH
- receptory buněčného povrchu genetika imunologie MeSH
- receptory rozpoznávající vzory genetika imunologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- tularemie genetika imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- alarminy MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny MeSH
- PAMP struktury MeSH
- receptory buněčného povrchu MeSH
- receptory rozpoznávající vzory MeSH
Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is believed to play an important role in cognitive processes. In the present study we addressed the question of whether systematically administered NMDA can improve social recognition in adult male rats. We utilized the paradigm in which an adult animal is exposed to the same or a novel juvenile during two successive interactions. The adults given NMDA (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg, s.c.) immediately after the initial exposure to a juvenile exhibited significantly reduced social investigation during the second encounter with the same juvenile performed both 120 and 240 min later. Reduction in social investigation was not observed in saline treated animals as well as in those treated with both NMDA and saline but re-exposed to novel juveniles. These results indicate that NMDA improved social recognition potency of adult animals and prolonged retention of previously stored olfactory information.
- MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- krátkodobá paměť účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- N-methylaspartát farmakologie MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků MeSH
- sociální chování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- N-methylaspartát MeSH
Resonance Raman optical activity (RROA) possesses all aspects of a sensitive tool for molecular detection, but its measurement remains challenging. We demonstrate that reliable recording of RROA of chiral colorful compounds is possible, but only after considering the effect of the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) on the ROA spectra induced by the dissolved chiral compound. We show RROA for a number of model vitamin B12 derivatives that are chemically similar but exhibit distinctively different spectroscopic behavior. The ECD/ROA effect is proportional to the concentration and dependent on the optical pathlength of the light propagating through the sample. It can severely alter relative band intensities and signs in the natural RROA spectra. The spectra analyses are supported by computational modeling based on density functional theory. Neglecting the ECD effect during ROA measurement can lead to misinterpretation of the recorded spectra and erroneous conclusions about the molecular structure.
- Klíčová slova
- Raman scattering, chirality, electronic circular dichroism, resonance Raman optical activity, vitamin B12,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In the present study, the effect of the medial septal (MS) lesions on exploratory activity in the open field and the spatial and object recognition memory has been investigated. This experiment compares three types of MS lesions: electrolytic lesions that destroy cells and fibers of passage, neurotoxic - ibotenic acid lesions that spare fibers of passage but predominantly affect the septal noncholinergic neurons, and immunotoxin - 192 IgG-saporin infusions that only eliminate cholinergic neurons. The main results are: the MS electrolytic lesioned rats were impaired in habituating to the environment in the repeated spatial environment, but rats with immuno- or neurotoxic lesions of the MS did not differ from control ones; the MS electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesioned rats showed an increase in their exploratory activity to the objects and were impaired in habituating to the objects in the repeated spatial environment; rats with immunolesions of the MS did not differ from control rats; electrolytic lesions of the MS disrupt spatial recognition memory; rats with immuno- or neurotoxic lesions of the MS were normal in detecting spatial novelty; all of the MS-lesioned and control rats clearly reacted to the object novelty by exploring the new object more than familiar ones. Results observed across lesion techniques indicate that: (i) the deficits after nonselective damage of MS are limited to a subset of cognitive processes dependent on the hippocampus, (ii) MS is substantial for spatial, but not for object recognition memory - the object recognition memory can be supported outside the septohippocampal system; (iii) the selective loss of septohippocampal cholinergic or noncholinergic projections does not disrupt the function of the hippocampus to a sufficient extent to impair spatial recognition memory; (iv) there is dissociation between the two major components (cholinergic and noncholinergic) of the septohippocampal pathway in exploratory behavior assessed in the open field - the memory exhibited by decrements in exploration of repeated object presentations is affected by either electrolytic or ibotenic lesions, but not saporin.
- MeSH
- bludiště - učení účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- hipokampus účinky léků patologie fyziologie MeSH
- imunotoxiny toxicita MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- neurotoxiny toxicita MeSH
- pátrací chování účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- septální jádra účinky léků patologie fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- imunotoxiny MeSH
- neurotoxiny MeSH
