applied conservation genetics Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Four broodstocks of European huchen (Hucho hucho) from: Poland, Germany, Slovakia, and Ukraine were investigated using ten microsatellite DNA loci. Microsatellite DNA analysis was successfully applied for the first time in the Polish broodstock of this fish species. The genetic variation and genetic distance between these broodstocks were evaluated. In addition, we examined the potential effects of a genetic bottleneck on the genetic variation of the broodstocks. The European huchen broodstocks exhibited moderate genetic diversity (PIC = 0.405-0.496 and I = 0.831-1.047) with the exception of German broodstock which presented higher genetic diversity (PIC = 0.590 and I = 1.254). Observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity across the investigated loci in all broodstocks ranged from 0.434 to 0.686 and from 0.452 to 0.650, respectively. Overall, the studied broodstocks were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE); however, from 8 to 42% of the loci deviated from HWE in each stock. The Garza-Williamson index (M = 0.146-0.279) and values of the heterozygosity excess revealed a reduction of genetic variation in all studied broodstocks because of the founder or bottleneck effect. The analysis of genetic differentiation (Fst) and Nei's genetic distance between pairs of broodstocks revealed that Polish and Ukrainian broodstocks of European huchen were characterized by the closest genetic distance. In contrast, the highest genetic divergence parameters (Fst and Nei's distance) were observed among German, Slovak, and Ukrainian broodstocks.
- Klíčová slova
- Broodstocks, Conservation, Genetic distance, Genetic diversity, Hucho hucho, Microsatellite DNA,
- MeSH
- chov * MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
- populační genetika MeSH
- Salmonidae genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Německo MeSH
- Polsko MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- Ukrajina MeSH
The Old Kladruber horses arose in the 17th century as a breed used for ceremonial purposes. Currently, grey and black coat colour varieties exist as two sub-populations with different recent breeding history. As the population underwent historical bottlenecks and intensive inbreeding, loss of genetic variation is considered as the major threat. Therefore, genetic diversity in neutral and non-neutral molecular markers was examined in the current nucleus population. Fifty microsatellites, 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immunity-related genes, three mutations in coat colour genes and one major histocompatibility (MHC-DRA) gene were studied for assessing genetic diversity after 15 years of conservation. The results were compared to values obtained in a similar study 13 years ago. The extent of genetic diversity of the current population was comparable to other breeds, despite its small size and isolation. The comparison between 1997 and 2010 did not show differences in the extent of genetic diversity and no loss of allele richness and/or heterozygosity was observed. Genetic differences identified between the black and grey sub-populations observed 13 years ago persisted. Deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium found in 19 microsatellite loci and in five SNP loci are probably due to selective breeding. No differences between neutral and immunity-related markers were found. No changes in the frequencies of markers associated with two diseases, melanoma and insect bite hypersensitivity, were observed, due probably to the short interval of time between comparisons. It, thus, seems that, despite its small size, previous bottlenecks and inbreeding, the molecular variation of Old Kladruber horses is comparable to other horse breeds and that the current breeding policy does not compromise genetic variation of this endangered population.
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- buněčné jádro genetika MeSH
- chov MeSH
- frekvence genu MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
- koně genetika MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice genetika MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- ohrožené druhy * MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů MeSH
- ztráta heterozygozity MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Many reintroduction projects for conservation fail, and there are a large number of factors that may contribute to failure. Genetic analysis can be used to help stack the odds of a reintroduction in favour of success, by conducting assessment of source populations to evaluate the possibility of inbreeding and outbreeding depression and by conducting postrelease monitoring. In this study, we use a panel of 306 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers and 487-489 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA control region sequence data to examine 321 individuals from possible source populations of the Eurasian beaver for a reintroduction to Scotland. We use this information to reassess the phylogenetic history of the Eurasian beavers, to examine the genetic legacy of past reintroductions on the Eurasian landmass and to assess the future power of the genetic markers to conduct ongoing monitoring via parentage analysis and individual identification. We demonstrate the capacity of medium density genetic data (hundreds of SNPs) to provide information suitable for applied conservation and discuss the difficulty of balancing the need for high genetic diversity against phylogenetic best fit when choosing source population(s) for reintroduction.
Establishing translocated populations is a common process to preserve and maintain genetic diversity of threatened species. In 2001, three translocated populations of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) were established in the Czech Republic, founded by either adult or juvenile individuals from three particular source populations. We assessed genetic diversity at seven microsatellite loci after one decade (assumed three generations) from establishment. Although the translocated populations exhibited a slight but non-significant reduction in genetic diversity (A R = 2.2-5.0; H O = 0.11-0.31), the most striking result was generally very low genetic diversity in source populations (A R = 3.0-5.3; H O = 0.15-0.38). Similarly, a high degree of inbreeding (F IS = 0.36-0.60) demonstrates the nature of source populations, already affected by isolation and small size. In spite of that, based on the results of this study, the establishment of new translocated noble crayfish populations was successful, since there is no significant decline in genetic variability and all populations are still viable. Although source populations did not exhibit high genetic diversity, their distinctiveness makes them possible to use for conservation purposes. Continued monitoring is necessary to track the long-term progress of the translocation program, including other parameters describing the state of the population, such as the occurrence and frequency of diseases or morphological changes.
- Klíčová slova
- Bottleneck, Conservation, Homozygote excess, Microsatellites,
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- efekt zakladatele * MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- hustota populace MeSH
- inbreeding MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
- populační genetika * MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- severní raci genetika MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Originally applied on domestic and lab animals, assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) have also found application in conservation breeding programs, where they can make the genetic management of populations more efficient, and increase the number of individuals per generation. However, their application in wildlife conservation opens up new ethical scenarios that have not yet been fully explored. This study presents a frame for the ethical analysis of the application of ART procedures in conservation based on the Ethical Matrix (EM), and discusses a specific case study-ovum pick-up (OPU) procedures performed in the current conservation efforts for the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)-providing a template for the assessment of ART procedures in projects involving other endangered species.
Species belonging to the Festuca-Lolium complex are important forage and turf species and as such, have been studied intensively. However, their out-crossing nature and limited availability of molecular markers make genetic studies difficult. Here, we report on saturation of F. pratensis and L. multiflorum genetic maps using Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers and the DArTFest array.The 530 and 149 DArT markers were placed on genetic maps of L. multiflorum and F. pratensis, respectively, with overlap of 20 markers, which mapped in both species. The markers were sequenced and comparative sequence analysis was performed between L. multiflorum, rice and Brachypodium. The utility of the DArTFest array was then tested on a Festulolium population FuRs0357 in an integrated analysis using the DArT marker map positions to study associations between markers and freezing tolerance. Ninety six markers were significantly associated with freezing tolerance and five of these markers were genetically mapped to chromosomes 2, 4 and 7. Three genomic loci associated with freezing tolerance in the FuRs0357 population co-localized with chromosome segments and QTLs previously identified to be associated with freezing tolerance. The present work clearly confirms the potential of the DArTFest array in genetic studies of the Festuca-Lolium complex. The annotated DArTFest array resources could accelerate further studies and improvement of desired traits in Festuca-Lolium species.
- MeSH
- Brachypodium genetika MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin MeSH
- Festuca genetika MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace genetika MeSH
- genetická vazba MeSH
- genetické markery * MeSH
- jílek genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování chromozomů metody MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický MeSH
- rýže (rod) genetika MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- syntenie MeSH
- zmrazování * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- genetické markery * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- tisková chyba MeSH
The region of Balkans is often considered as an ichthyologic "hot spot", with a great number of species and high portion of endemics living in fresh waters in a relatively small area. The Adriatic watershed in Croatia and Herzegovina is inhabited by six spined loach species (genus Cobitis) whose extinction risk estimations were based solely on their extent of occurrence (and/or area of occupancy) and its fragmentation, and conservation proposals do not consider diversity below species level. In this investigation we employed molecular genetic methods to describe present genetic structure of the Adriatic spined loaches and reveal their demographic history. The divergence of the Adriatic lineages inside the genus Cobitis started in Miocene and lasted until Pleistocene epoch. Geological events responsible for shaping recent diversity of spined loaches in the Adriatic basin are: the Dinarid Mountains upwelling, the evolution of Dinaric Lake system, local tectonic activity, river connections during glaciations and differences in sea level. Even though all the investigated species inhabit karstic rivers located in the same geographic area and that were subject of similar geological events, the results obtained reveal great differences in their genetic diversity and structure and point out the necessity of different conservation measures to ensure their future viability. High level of genetic polymorphism is characteristic for species located more to the south. Two species comprised of more than one population have completely different intraspecific structure; populations of C. illyrica are genetically distinct and represent separate evolutionary significant units, whereas intraspecific structure of C. narentana corresponds to metapopulational pattern. Without population genetic data, evolutionary significant units could be easily misidentified. Furthermore, the obtained results affirm that population genetic measurements are able to detect differences among closely located and related species and estimate extinction risk even more accurately than currently applied IUCN criteria.
- MeSH
- cytochromy b genetika MeSH
- extinkce biologická MeSH
- genetické markery MeSH
- hustota populace MeSH
- máloostní genetika MeSH
- mitochondriální proteiny genetika MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- ohrožené druhy MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat MeSH
- rybí proteiny genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Bosna a Hercegovina MeSH
- Chorvatsko MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cytochromy b MeSH
- genetické markery MeSH
- mitochondriální proteiny MeSH
- rybí proteiny MeSH
Making use of wheat chromosomal resources, we developed 11 gene-associated markers for the region of interest, which allowed reducing gene interval and spanning it by four BAC clones. Positional gene cloning and targeted marker development in bread wheat are hampered by high complexity and polyploidy of its nuclear genome. Aiming to clone a Russian wheat aphid resistance gene Dn2401 located on wheat chromosome arm 7DS, we have developed a strategy overcoming problems due to polyploidy and enabling efficient development of gene-associated markers from the region of interest. We employed information gathered by GenomeZipper, a synteny-based tool combining sequence data of rice, Brachypodium, sorghum and barley, and took advantage of a high-density linkage map of Aegilops tauschii. To ensure genome- and locus-specificity of markers, we made use of survey sequence assemblies of isolated wheat chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. Despite the low level of polymorphism of the wheat D subgenome, our approach allowed us to add in an efficient and cost-effective manner 11 new gene-associated markers in the Dn2401 region and narrow down the target interval to 0.83 cM. Screening 7DS-specific BAC library with the flanking markers revealed a contig of four BAC clones that span the Dn2401 region in wheat cultivar 'Chinese Spring'. With the availability of sequence assemblies and GenomeZippers for each of the wheat chromosome arms, the proposed strategy can be applied for focused marker development in any region of the wheat genome.
- MeSH
- býložravci MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin MeSH
- DNA primery MeSH
- DNA rostlinná genetika MeSH
- genetická vazba MeSH
- genetické markery MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
- mapování chromozomů * MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
- mšice * MeSH
- pšenice genetika MeSH
- rostlinné geny * MeSH
- syntenie MeSH
- umělé bakteriální chromozomy MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rusko MeSH
- Názvy látek
- DNA primery MeSH
- DNA rostlinná MeSH
- genetické markery MeSH
The green anole, Anolis carolinensis (ACA), is the model reptile for a vast array of biological disciplines. It was the first nonavian reptile to have its genome fully sequenced. During the genome project, the XX/XY system of sex chromosomes homologous to chicken chromosome 15 (GGA15) was revealed, and 106 X-linked genes were identified. We selected 38 genes located on eight scaffolds in ACA and having orthologs located on GGA15, then tested their linkage to ACA X chromosome by using comparative quantitative fluorescent real-time polymerase chain reaction applied to male and female genomic DNA. All tested genes appeared to be X-specific and not present on the Y chromosome. Assuming that all genes located on these scaffolds should be localized to the ACA X chromosome, we more than doubled the number of known X-linked genes in ACA, from 106 to 250. While demonstrating that the gene content of chromosome X in ACA and GGA15 is largely conserved, we nevertheless showed that numerous interchromosomal rearrangements had occurred since the splitting of the chicken and anole evolutionary lineages. The presence of many ACA X-specific genes localized to distinct contigs indicates that the ACA Y chromosome should be highly degenerated, having lost a large amount of its original gene content during evolution. The identification of novel genes linked to the X chromosome and absent on the Y chromosome in the model lizard species contributes to ongoing research as to the evolution of sex determination in reptiles and provides important information for future comparative and functional genomics.
- Klíčová slova
- gene dosage, genetics of sex, lizard, qPCR, sex chromosomes, sex determination,
- MeSH
- genetická vazba MeSH
- genová dávka MeSH
- geny vázané na chromozom X * MeSH
- ještěři genetika MeSH
- konzervovaná sekvence MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
