Natural killer (NK) cells constitute the predominant innate lymphocyte subset that mediates the anti-viral and anti-tumor immune responses. NK cells use an array of innate receptors to sense their environment and to respond to infections, cellular stress and transformation. The resulting NK cell activation, including cytotoxicity and cytokine production, is a fundamental component of the early immune response. The most recent discoveries in NK cell biology have stimulated the translational research that has led to remarkable results for the treatment of human malignancies. Therefore, the rapid isolation of NK cells from the peripheral blood or tumor microenvironment and the subsequent assessment of cytolytic function are crucial to the study of their potency and NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance. Here, we provide protocols for NK cell isolation and the assessment of NK cell cytotoxicity using flow cytometry.

• Klíčová slova
• Cytotoxicity assay, Degranulation assay, Flow cytometry, NK-cell mediated cytotoxicity,
• MeSH
• aktivace lymfocytů MeSH
• buňky NK imunologie   MeSH
• cytotoxicita imunologická * MeSH
• cytotoxické testy imunologické metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie metody   MeSH
• separace buněk metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The activity of complements from various sources was compared in the complement-mediated cytotoxicity test, using chicken alloantisera. The highest cytotoxicity index was obtained with a pool of complements from fresh guinea pig serum and chicken serum. No difference in activity between complements from chickens of the different inbred lines was found. Using the above test, we demonstrated the B-F antigen on lymphoid cells, whereas the B-G antigen was not present.

• MeSH
• antisérum MeSH
• bursa Fabricii imunologie   MeSH
• cytotoxické testy imunologické * MeSH
• isoantigeny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• komplement MeSH
• kur domácí imunologie   MeSH
• lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• lymfoidní tkáň imunologie   MeSH
• slezina imunologie   MeSH
• thymus imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antisérum MeSH
• isoantigeny MeSH
• komplement MeSH

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system. The germline-encoded natural killer cell receptors represent activating and inhibitory receptors regulating multiple NK cell activities. The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) are activating natural cytotoxicity triggering receptors 1, 2, and 3 (NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30), encoded by the genes NCR1, NCR2, and NCR3, respectively. NCRs may be expressed in different cell types engaged in mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. The family Felidae, comprising the domestic cat and a wide variety of free-ranging species represents a well-suited model for biomedical and evolutionary studies. We characterized the NCR1, NCR2, and NCR3 genes in a panel of felid species. We confirmed the presence of potentially functional genes NCR1, NCR2, and NCR3 in all species. All three genes are conserved within the family and are similar to other phylogenetically related mammalian families. The NCR1 and NCR2 phylogenetic trees based on both nucleotide and protein sequences corresponded to the current zoological taxonomy, with some exceptions suggesting effects of different selection pressures in some species. Highly conserved NCR3 sequences did not allow a robust phylogenetic analysis. Most interspecific differences both at the nucleotide and protein level were found in NCR2. Within species, the most polymorphic CDS was detected in NCR1. Selection analyses indicated the effects of purifying selection on individual amino acid sites in all three genes. In stray cats, a rather high intraspecific diversity was observed.

• Klíčová slova
• Felidae, comparative genomics, natural cytotoxicity receptor genes,
• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• buňky NK MeSH
• Felidae * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• nukleotidy MeSH
• receptor 1 spouštějící přirozenou cytotoxicitu * genetika   MeSH
• receptory spouštějící přirozenou cytotoxicitu genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nukleotidy MeSH
• receptor 1 spouštějící přirozenou cytotoxicitu * MeSH
• receptory spouštějící přirozenou cytotoxicitu MeSH

Recent literary data suggest that antibodies to HLA antigens undetectable by the standard complement-dependent cytotoxicity test may cause not only chronic, but also acute immunological complications after kidney transplantation. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of non-cytotoxic antibodies to HLA antigens for the development of immunological complications and a worse graft prognosis after first kidney transplantation. Sera before and early after transplantation from 120 first kidney recipients were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCXM), ELISA and the standard complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) test. Pre-transplant FCXM negativity was related to a lower incidence of rejection episodes in the first post-transplant year ( P<0.01). A significant association between acute rejection and the presence of antibodies to HLA class II antigens before and after transplantation was also found ( P<0.05). Our study supports the findings of other centers of the detrimental role to the kidney graft played by anti-HLA antibodies undetectable by the classical CDC test.

• MeSH
• autoprotilátky analýza   krev   imunologie   MeSH
• cytotoxické testy imunologické MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• epitopy MeSH
• HLA antigeny imunologie   MeSH
• komplement MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přežívání štěpu imunologie   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• rejekce štěpu diagnóza   imunologie   mortalita   MeSH
• transplantační imunologie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• autoprotilátky MeSH
• epitopy MeSH
• HLA antigeny MeSH
• komplement MeSH

• MeSH
• antigeny * MeSH
• cytotoxické testy imunologické MeSH
• erytrocyty imunologie   MeSH
• histokompatibilita - antigeny MeSH
• homologní transplantace MeSH
• interferonové induktory MeSH
• interferony biosyntéza   imunologie   MeSH
• lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši inbrední DBA MeSH
• myši MeSH
• reakce antigenu s protilátkou MeSH
• slezina cytologie   MeSH
• transfuze lymfocytů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny * MeSH
• histokompatibilita - antigeny MeSH
• interferonové induktory MeSH
• interferony MeSH

• MeSH
• cytotoxické testy imunologické MeSH
• imunogenetika * MeSH
• imunologická tolerance * MeSH
• inbrední kmeny myší MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Some leukocyte effector cell-surface molecules movement toward the adjoining target cells takes place during the reaction of NK cytotoxicity (NK R). The majority of the moving molecules are usually anchored via a divalent-ion-dependent interaction (PMM-M2+). The released PMM-M2+ can interact also with the secreted tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-alpha). In agreement with PMM-M2+ movement, the number of TNF-alpha binding sites on the target cell surface increases during NK R. In addition, antibodies against PMM-M2+, as well as D-mannose- or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-terminated oligosaccharides of PMM-M2+ inhibit NK R. A more detailed analysis of PMM-M2+ with monoclonal antibodies used flow cytometry and cell-surface biotinylation. Only 3 of 31 tested CD antigens (CD2, LAK-1 and CD45) were passed through this first strongly restricted experimental screening. The EDTA-released LAK-1 antigen, but not CD2 and CD45, interact with TNF-alpha and cell surface via a mannose-inhibitable interaction dependent on the presence of Ca2+ ions. The mechanism of possible participation of PMM-M2+ in cytotoxic events is discussed in relation to Ca2+ influx and subsequent cytolysin secretion.

• MeSH
• antigeny povrchové analýza   MeSH
• buněčná cytotoxicita závislá na protilátkách fyziologie   MeSH
• buněčná membrána imunologie   MeSH
• buňky NK imunologie   MeSH
• cytotoxicita imunologická fyziologie   MeSH
• leukocyty imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buňky kultivované MeSH
• TNF-alfa imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny povrchové MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH

As the research in nanotechnology progresses, there will eventually be an influx in the number of commercial products containing different types of nanomaterials. This phenomenon might damage our health and environment if the nanomaterials used are found to be toxic and they are released into the waters when the products degrade. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of fluorinated nanocarbons (CXFs), a group of nanomaterials which can find applications in solid lubricants and lithium primary batteries. Our cell viability findings indicated that the toxicological effects induced by the CXF are dependent on the dose, size, shape, and fluorine content of the CXF. In addition, we verified that CXFs have insignificant interactions with the cell viability assays-methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-8), thus suggesting that the cytotoxicity data obtained are unlikely to be affected by CXF-induced artifacts and the results will be reliable.

• Klíčová slova
• carbon, cytotoxicity, fluorination, physical-chemical properties, toxicity,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of short ethanol intake on ADCC activity in blood and spleen mononuclear cells. Wistar rats were fed a standard diet and drank 0.1 M ethanol solution for three days. Glucose and water controls were used in this experiment. Increased ADCC activity was found in ethanol consuming rats in the blood and spleen as compared to both controls. Our findings support the assumption that ADCC may play an important role in liver disease of alcoholics.

• MeSH
• buněčná cytotoxicita závislá na protilátkách účinky léků   MeSH
• cytotoxické testy imunologické MeSH
• glukosa imunologie   MeSH
• krev imunologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• pití alkoholu imunologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• slezina imunologie   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukosa MeSH

• MeSH
• buněčná imunita MeSH
• cytotoxické testy imunologické * MeSH
• epitopy * MeSH
• geny * MeSH
• histokompatibilita - antigeny * MeSH
• rekombinace genetická MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MeSH
• Názvy látek
• epitopy * MeSH
• histokompatibilita - antigeny * MeSH