Meta-analyses of observational and clinical studies conducted in recent years have raised serious doubts about the validity of the low-fat dietary recommendations introduced in the late 1970s/early 1980s, due to the absence of any convincing link between saturated fat and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. At the same time, long-term food supply statistics from the FAOSTAT database show that these recommendations were at the root of fundamental dietary changes in Western countries, which resulted in a lower consumption of eggs and red meat, a higher consumption of cereals and poultry, a decline in average protein quality and, overall, in a higher glycemic load of the diet. Because current views on human nutrition are based primarily on highly unreliable questionnaire data from observational studies, the purpose of this commentary is to provide an alternative ecological (country-level) perspective and to trace the consequences of these nutritional changes using the FAOSTAT database in combination with available anthropological and health statistics. This comparison shows a close connection between the decline in protein quality and the sudden reversal of the positive height trend in some Western countries, after ∼150 years of continuous growth, which points to suboptimal levels of child nutrition. The sharp increase in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is strongly correlated with the increasing consumption of high-glycemic carbohydrates and sweeteners, and is also interconnected with the decrease in body height, because a high-quality, growth-stimulating diet during adolescence is inversely related to obesity. Given the long-term association between height and phenotypic IQ, the lower quality of nutrients in children's diet may also seriously affect intellectual potential and future civilizational development. In light of these findings, current nutritional strategies should be seriously reconsidered and recommended protein intakes for children must be urgently reevaluated.

• Keywords
• Child health, flynn effect, nutrition, obesity, physical growth,
• MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology   MeSH
• Diet * trends   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Obesity * epidemiology   MeSH
• Body Height * MeSH
• Food Supply * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: CrossFitⓇ sessions and competitions are characterized by high-intensity challenges that combine aerobic and anaerobic activities with short recovery periods. As a result, effective nutritional practices play a crucial role in optimizing performance and enhancing recovery. Therefore, nutritional practices are central to optimizing performance and accelerating recovery. This review aims to summarize current evidence on nutritional and ergogenic aid responses to CrossFitⓇ practice. METHODS: The search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SportDiscus). Gray literature was also extracted for studies exploring the nutritional habits of CrossFitⓇ participants as well as the ingestion of ergogenic aids. In addition, a meta-analysis was conducted to examine the impacts of dietary habits and ergogenic aids on performance. RESULTS: Forty-nine studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the current review. Carbohydrate intake was below the recommendations for athletes, although protein ingestion remains adequate. High-carbohydrate diets had a positive effect on CrossFitⓇ performance. The evidence concerning the effects of a ketogenic diet on performance is limited. When used prior to or during the workout, the impact of carbohydrates on CrossFitⓇ performance was negligible, whereas the effect of caffeine was significant. Ergogenic aids, particularly creatine and protein, are commonly used by CrossFitⓇ participants. CONCLUSION: The standard diets recommended to CrossFitⓇ participants need to be revised because they are characterized by lower values of carbohydrates. Caffeine should be used prior to or during the CrossFitⓇ sessions. Regarding the impact of ergogenic aids on recovery, future studies are needed.

• Keywords
• Carbohydrates, caffeine, conditioning, energy, performance, strength,
• MeSH
• Diet MeSH
• Dietary Proteins administration & dosage   MeSH
• Dietary Carbohydrates administration & dosage   MeSH
• Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena * MeSH
• Diet, Ketogenic MeSH
• Caffeine administration & dosage   MeSH
• Physical Conditioning, Human * MeSH
• Creatine administration & dosage   MeSH
• Performance-Enhancing Substances administration & dosage   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Athletic Performance * physiology   MeSH
• Feeding Behavior MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Scoping Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Dietary Proteins MeSH
• Dietary Carbohydrates MeSH
• Caffeine MeSH
• Creatine MeSH
• Performance-Enhancing Substances MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) for persons with dementia (PwD) have yielded mixed results, possibly attributable to the fact that little is known about the validity and reliability of trait mindfulness self-report measures in PwD. This narrative review sought to identify studies involving self-reported trait mindfulness and other clinical measures that may hold information on the convergent validity and reliability of these measures in PwD. METHODS: Scientific databases were searched for studies involving PwD and mindfulness assessments. RESULTS: N = 426 studies from PubMed and N = 156 from PsychInfo databases were reviewed. Four cross-sectional studies were identified that allowed inferences about the validity of mindfulness measures. A qualitative review indicated that convergent validity with other measures varied with sample heterogeneity and cognitive impairment. Merely one MBI included self-reported trait mindfulness, however without reporting sample-specific validity or reliability. CONCLUSIONS: Despite efforts to implement MBIs in PwD, information on basic methodological psychometric issues is minimal. Future studies ought to address the validity and reliability of self-reported mindfulness in detail across different stages of dementia. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results of MBIs need to be considered cautiously. Basic information about psychometric properties of mindfulness self-report measures is required and these measures need to be included systematically in MBIs.

• Keywords
• Dementia, depression, mindfulness, mindfulness-based interventions, rumination, validity,
• MeSH
• Dementia * psychology   therapy   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Psychometrics methods   MeSH
• Reproducibility of Results MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Mindfulness * methods   MeSH
• Self Report * standards   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

The use of pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (PGCSFs), specifically pegfilgrastim and lipegfilgrastim, has been widely adopted to reduce the incidence of febrile neutropenia in patients undergoing chemotherapy. However, concerns regarding the long-term safety of PGCSFs, particularly the risk of secondary haematological malignancies, remain. The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence of secondary haematological malignancies in patients treated for solid tumours with PGCSFs at a single institution from 2005 to 2019. A retrospective analysis was conducted using an electronically managed database of 1,577 patients who received PGCSFs during chemotherapy for solid tumours. Patients with a history of any granulocyte or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor administered prior to PGCSF were excluded. The incidence of secondary malignancies was assessed from the first application of PGCSF until the last patient contact, with a maximum follow-up time until December 2023. Among the evaluated cohort of 1,577 patients with the median follow-up time of 4.75 (0.0-18.1) years, respectively, with 757 (36.4%) patients followed-up for ≥5 years and 203 (18.1%) patients for ≥10 years; 7 (0.44%) patients were diagnosed with secondary haematological malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndrome in 2 patients, multiple myeloma in 3 patients and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 2 patients. The present study findings demonstrated that the long-term use of PGCSFs in patients treated for solid tumours does not substantially increase the risk of secondary haematological malignancies, which supports their safety profile in clinical practice. However, a longer follow-up is necessary to further evaluate the safety of PGCSFs, particularly for biosimilars.

• Keywords
• lipegfilgrastim, pegfilgrastim, pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, secondary haematological malignancies, supportive care,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: The integration of robotic technology into surgical procedures has gained considerable attention for its promise to enhance a variety of clinical outcomes. Robotic deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap harvest has emerged as a novel approach for autologous breast reconstruction. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current techniques, outcomes, and complications of robotic DIEP flap surgery. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted after PRISMA 2020 guidelines across databases including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 2000 to 2023. Articles exploring robotic DIEP flap harvest for breast reconstruction were assessed to compare operative techniques, clinical outcomes, and complications. The risk of bias was evaluated using ROBINS-I and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS: Fourteen studies involving 108 patients were included. Three studies used a totally extraperitoneal (TEP) technique, whereas 11 studies used a transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approach. Preoperative planning utilized computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography imaging. The mean robotic operative time was 64 minutes, with total operative times averaging 574 minutes for TAPP and 497 minutes for TEP. The mean length of stay was 5 days, and the mean fascial incision length was 3 cm. Overall complication rate was 14.9%, with no significant difference compared with conventional DIEP flap procedures. CONCLUSION: Robotic DIEP flap harvest is a promising technique that may reduce postoperative pain and limiting abdominal donor site morbidity. Potential limitations include longer operative times, variable hospital stays, and increased costs.

• MeSH
• Epigastric Arteries * transplantation   MeSH
• Operative Time * MeSH
• Length of Stay MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mammaplasty * methods   MeSH
• Tissue and Organ Harvesting methods   MeSH
• Perforator Flap * blood supply   MeSH
• Postoperative Complications prevention & control   MeSH
• Robotic Surgical Procedures * methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The purported predominance of the biopsychosocial model is reviewed, including its underlying factors that determine the etiology and treatment of sexual disorders. We recommend that sexual health professionals embrace a broader recognition of all facets of the model. Periodic re-examination is necessary to optimize its strengths and minimize misapplication. OBJECTIVES: Improving the application of the full scope of the biopsychosocial model will help ensure that it remains robust and inclusive. Awareness of its limitations should prompt clinicians to expand their knowledge through continuing education. METHODS: Co-authors reviewed database searches, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Publications, sexual society presentations, and guidelines were also considered, along with expert opinions. Authored by an intentionally recruited, diverse group of experts representing different disciplines, geographic regions, genders, and perspectives, our manuscript deserves substantial consideration. However, this work does not employ the rigorous methodology used by professional societies in producing guidelines. RESULTS: The biopsychosocial model is widely used; however, too many sex therapists and sexual medicine experts claim to adopt the model while merely paying it lip service. Clinicians support multidisciplinary approaches, yet siloed thinking persists. Collegial respect is increasing, but perspectives remain divided. While sex therapists recognize psychosocial nuances, many are unaware of biomedical advances in diagnosis and treatment that impact sexuality. Conversely, many physicians lack sufficient awareness of the cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and cultural factors contributing to sexual disorders. Physicians who prefer broader assessments often find that time constraints in clinical practice hinder multilayered engagement. CONCLUSION: The biopsychosocial model must encompass all predisposing, precipitating, and maintaining biological, medical/surgical, cognitive, behavioral, emotional, social, and cultural factors involved in the etiology and management of sexual disorders. Etiology is best understood at a granular level that acknowledges multiple proportional contributing factors. We recommend that clinicians across disciplines increase their awareness of all relevant etiologic and treatment factors while continuing to use the accessible term "biopsychosocial."

• Keywords
• biomedical, biopsychosocial model, sex therapy, sexual disorder/dysfunction diagnosis, sexual disorder/dysfunction treatment, sexual medicine, sexual tipping point model,
• MeSH
• Models, Biopsychosocial * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological * therapy   psychology   MeSH
• Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological * therapy   psychology   MeSH
• Sexual Health MeSH
• Sexology * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: Literature on the effects of prenatal exposure to platinum-based chemotherapy on the auditory capacity of the offspring is scarce. The current study aims to describe the occurrence of hearing impairment in a well-documented series of children who underwent audiological testing. METHODS: An international, descriptive multicentre study using oncological, obstetrical, and neonatal data registered by the International Network of Cancer Infertility and Pregnancy database, was performed. The offspring (aged ≥ 4 years) underwent pure tone audiometry. Audiological outcomes were registered after expert review, using international standardized audiological grading as developed for platinum exposed childhood cancer patients: the Muenster criteria and the International Society for Paediatric Oncology classification. Platinum-induced hearing loss was defined as bilateral hearing loss, starting at 8 kHz and without middle ear problems confirmed by tympanometry or otoscopy. FINDINGS: Twenty-five children were included of which 17 children (68%) had been exposed to cisplatin and 8 (32%) to carboplatin, none to both. Median gestational age at start maternal treatment was 22 weeks (range, 14–31). Median gestational age at delivery was 35 weeks (range, 31–39), and median birth weight was 2345 g (range, 1526–3360). Neonatal hearing screening, performed in 10 children (40%), showed no hearing loss. At a median age of 6.0 years (range, 4.0–28.0), 6 children (24%) revealed bilateral hearing loss, using cut-off values of Muenster grade ≥ 2b and SIOP grade ≥ 2. INTERPRETATION: Antenatal exposure to platinum-based chemotherapy is associated with hearing loss in a subset of the offspring. Prospective longitudinal standardized surveillance of auditory function is advised, starting after birth. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-025-05992-z.

• Keywords
• Audiometry, Cancer in pregnancy, Carboplatin, Cisplatin, Platinum-induced hearing loss,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

This study introduces an innovative approach to the long-standing challenge of determining the animal origin of blood used in artworks - an issue of central relevance to art historians aiming to understand historical techniques, symbolic meanings, and the cultural traditions associated with artistic materials. Using LC-MS/MS analysis, species-specific peptide sequences of blood proteins were identified, allowing for the discrimination of seven animal species (cat, cow, dog, goose, hen, human, and pig). This analytical approach was successfully applied to a series of model samples containing blood, confirming both the proteinaceous composition and the animal origin of the blood. Furthermore, the method enabled the identification of pig blood in historical samples taken from Japanese and Chinese lacquer artefacts dating from the 18th and 19th centuries. The novelty of this work lies in a new strategy for data evaluation that facilitates the creation of custom peptide databases tailored to distinguish specific animal species. This approach overcomes a major limitation in proteomic studies - namely, the lack of complete sequence data for many animals - by incorporating homologous sequences from closely related species. The strategy demonstrates a high degree of effectiveness when implemented within a clearly defined group of animal species, such as those historically utilised in the production of blood-based artistic materials. This approach offers a novel pathway for the molecular identification of animal origin in cultural heritage contexts and establishes a robust foundation for future interdisciplinary investigations bridging art history, conservation science, and molecular biology.

• MeSH
• Chromatography, Liquid methods   MeSH
• Species Specificity MeSH
• Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry MeSH
• Blood Proteins * analysis   chemistry   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Swine MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Amino Acid Sequence MeSH
• Cattle MeSH
• Tandem Mass Spectrometry * methods   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Cattle MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Blood Proteins * MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to explore the available support and identify the unique needs of young and young adult carers of individuals with dementia. METHOD: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Ovid, along with Google Scholar for grey literature, were searched. A narrative synthesis approach was used to analyse the findings of the included studies. The quality of the articles was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). RESULTS: Seven studies met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the narrative synthesis. Findings revealed that young and young adult carers often lack knowledge of available support services and face challenges navigating the healthcare system. Caregiving responsibilities were found to hinder educational and career aspirations, leading to social isolation and strained relationships. The support received from family, friends, and teachers was often inconsistent and inadequate. A significant finding was the lack of differentiation between young and young adult carers in the existing research, despite their distinct social care support needs. CONCLUSION: The limited research highlights a critical gap in the literature regarding the support and needs of young and young adult carers of people with dementia. The lack of distinction between these two groups, who receive different social care support, emphasises the need for further research to better understand their unique experiences. There is an urgent need for targeted education and support programmes that address the distinct developmental needs and challenges of this population, promoting their well-being and safeguarding their personal and educational aspirations.

• Keywords
• Alzheimer’s, Cognitive impairment, education, support services, young caregivers, young carers,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Pharmacovigilance efforts for COVID-19 vaccines have largely focused on severe adverse events (AEs), while nonserious, yet distressing, AEs, such as oral AEs, remain underexamined. This study aimed to analyse oral AE reporting patterns in the German national pharmacovigilance database. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of individual case safety reports (ICSRs) from the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI) database was conducted for December 2020 to December 2023. The absolute reporting ratio was calculated as cases per 1000 ICSRs for each oral AE. Secondary analyses included: (1) cross-database comparisons with the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS); (2) disproportionality analysis using a hybrid approach combining frequentist and Bayesian conditions to establish signals of disproportionate reporting (SDRs); (3) subgroup analyses based on demographic and vaccine-related factors; and (4) multivariable regression to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS: Gustatory AEs, such as ageusia and dysgeusia; other oral sensory AEs, including oral paraesthesia and oral hypoaesthesia; and specific mucosal AEs, such as oral herpes and aphthous stomatitis, were the most frequently reported oral AEs in the PEI dataset. Cross-database analysis not only confirmed the prominence of gustatory and other sensory AEs but also highlighted differences, with VAERS reporting higher rates of swollen tongue and lip swelling. Disproportionality analysis identified 21 oral AEs as true SDRs. Female susceptibility was evident in several oral AEs, and age-stratified analysis revealed higher reporting among minors and seniors compared to middle-aged adults. Differences in oral AE reporting between mRNA and viral vector vaccines lacked a consistent pattern, and booster doses were associated with increased reporting of select oral AEs. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of passive surveillance data, this study highlights the need for further research on oral AEs using self-controlled case-series designs for clinically significant events. Integrating oral AEs into vaccine safety monitoring could improve postmarketing surveillance, while validated AEs may warrant inclusion in product information for transparency.

• Keywords
• Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems, COVID-19 vaccines, Germany, Oral manifestations, Pharmacovigilance,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * prevention & control   MeSH
• Databases, Factual MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Pharmacovigilance * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Mouth Diseases * epidemiology   chemically induced   etiology   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems MeSH
• Vaccination * adverse effects   MeSH
• COVID-19 Vaccines * adverse effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Germany epidemiology   MeSH
• Names of Substances
• COVID-19 Vaccines * MeSH