The review summarizes recent knowledge on the expression of cold-inducible dehydrins with a special attention to Wcs120 and Dhn5 genes in wheat and barley plants under different temperatures. When plants are exposed to cold, dehydrins start accumulating both in freezing-tolerant and freezing-susceptible plants; however, their accumulation correlates with plant acquired frost tolerance (FT). During a long-term cold acclimation (CA), dehydrin accumulation is significantly affected by Vrn1/Fr1 locus and the expression of the major vernalization gene VRN1, respectively. A different dynamics of dehydrin transcripts and proteins during CA is also observed. Transcripts reach their maximum within the first week of CA while proteins gradually accumulate until vernalization. Vernalization is associated with a significant decrease in dehydrin accumulation while the decrease of acquired FT is delayed. Studies carried out on plants grown at moderately cold temperatures (9-20 °C) have shown that both dehydrin transcripts and proteins can be detected even at these temperatures and that plants with different FT levels can be distinguished according to dehydrin accumulation without any exposure to severe cold. In conclusion, the potential use of these results in the breeding programmes aimed at the enhancement of wheat and barley FT is discussed.

• MeSH
• ječmen (rod) genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• pšenice genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dehydrin proteins, plant MeSH Prohlížeč
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

Norway spruce has a broad natural distribution range, which results in a substantial variety of its physiological and genetic variation. There are three distinct altitudinal ecotypes described in this tree species. The physiological optimum of each ecotype may be shifted due to ongoing climate change, especially in traits associated with water demand that might be crucial for adaptation. Dehydrins are proteins that help to mitigate the adverse effects of dehydration. Dehydrin gene expression patterns appeared to be a suitable marker for plant stress assessment. Genetically determined differences in response between individuals and populations were formerly studied, however, mainly in controlled conditions. We evaluated ecotypic variation in dehydrin gene expression in a clonal bank comprised of all three ecotypes. A genetic relationship among targeted trees was uncovered utilizing GBS (Genotyping by Sequencing) platform. We sampled 4-6 trees of each ecotype throughout 15 months period. Subsequently, we assessed the RNA expression of dehydrin genes by qRT-PCR. For this study, we deliberately selected dehydrins from different categories. Our findings detected significant differences among ecotypes in dehydrin expression. The association of recorded climatic variables and individual gene expression across the study period was evaluated and revealed, for certain genes, a correlation between dehydrin gene expression and precipitation, temperature, and day-length.

• MeSH
• aklimatizace genetika   MeSH
• ekotyp MeSH
• klimatické změny MeSH
• období sucha MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné geny MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• smrk genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dehydrin proteins, plant MeSH Prohlížeč
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

UNLABELLED: Low temperatures represent a crucial environmental factor determining winter survival (WS) of barley and wheat winter-type varieties. In laboratory experiments, low temperatures induce an active plant acclimation response, which is associated with an enhanced accumulation of several stress-inducible proteins including dehydrins. Here, dehydrin accumulations in sampled wheat (WCS120 protein family, or WCS120 and WDHN13 transcripts) and barley (DHN5 protein) varieties grown in two locations for two winters were compared with the variety WS evaluated by a provocation wooden-box test. A high correlation between dehydrin transcripts or protein relative accumulation and variety WS score was found only in samples taken prior vernalization fulfillment, when high tolerant varieties accumulated dehydrins earlier and to higher level than less tolerant varieties, and the plants have not yet been vernalized. After vernalization fulfillment, the correlation was weak, and the apical development indicated that plants reached double ridge (DR) in barley or stayed before DR in wheat. Dehydrin proteins and transcripts can be thus used as reliable markers of wheat or barley variety winter hardiness in the field conditions; however, only at the beginning of winter, when the plants have not yet finished vernalization. In wheat, a higher correlation was obtained for the total amount of dehydrins than for the individual dehydrin proteins. HIGHLIGHTS: -More tolerant winter-type wheat and barley plants reveal higher threshold induction temperatures for dehydrin accumulation in comparison to less tolerant varieties. Thus, more tolerant winter cereals have higher dehydrin levels than the less tolerant ones upon the same ambient temperature in November samplings.-A significant correlation between dehydrin transcript/protein accumulation and winter survival was found in both winter wheat and winter barley plants in the field conditions, but only prior to vernalization fulfillment.

• Klíčová slova
• apical development, dehydrins, field trials, vernalization, winter barley, winter survival, winter wheat,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Dehydrins as a group of late embryogenesis abundant II proteins represent important dehydration-inducible proteins whose accumulation is induced by developmental processes (embryo maturation) as well as by several abiotic stress factors (low temperatures, drought, salinity). In the review, an overview of studies aimed at investigation of dehydrin accumulation patterns at transcript and protein levels as well as their possible functions in common wheat (Triticum aestivum), durum wheat (T. durum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants exposed to various abiotic stress factors (cold, frost, drought, salinity) is provided. Possible roles of dehydrin proteins in an acquisition and maintenance of an enhanced frost tolerance are analyzed in the context of plant developmental processes (vernalization). Quantitative and qualitative differences as well as post-translational modifications in accumulated dehydrin proteins between barley cultivars revealing differential tolerance to drought and salinity are also discussed. Current knowledge on dehydrin role in wheat and barley response to major dehydrative stresses is summarized and the major challenges in dehydrin research are outlined.

• Klíčová slova
• abiotic stress, barley, dehydrin dynamics, proteins, transcripts, wheat,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Frost tolerance (FT) is generally acquired after exposure of plants to low, but non-freezing temperatures, where it is associated with the accumulation of COR proteins. The aim of the study was to reveal the effect of different temperature treatments (25, 17, 9 and 4 °C) on accumulation of cold-regulated dehydrins, dry weight content, and the development of FT in five wheat cultivars of different frost-tolerances in detail. The levels of cold-regulated dehydrins, WCS120 proteins in wheat were determined by immunoblot analysis, probed with an anti-dehydrin antibody. The lower the growth temperature: the higher the level of frost tolerance, dry weight content, and dehydrin accumulation, in all cultivars. There was a significant correlation between the level of induced FT and the accumulation of WCS120 proteins in cultivars grown at lower temperatures (9 and 4 °C). Moreover, the highly frost-tolerant wheat cultivars (as opposed to the lower-tolerant) accumulated higher levels of WCS120 proteins at 17 °C, a temperature at which it was not possible to differentiate between them via a frost test. Here, we demonstrated the possibility to distinguish differently frost-tolerant cultivars grown at different temperatures by the accumulation of different members of WCS120 family.

• Klíčová slova
• LT50, Triticum aestivum, cold acclimation, controlled condition, dehydrins,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Low temperatures in the autumn induce enhanced expression/relative accumulation of several cold-inducible transcripts/proteins with protective functions from Late-embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) superfamily including dehydrins. Several studies dealing with plants grown under controlled conditions revealed a correlation (significant quantitative relationship) between dehydrin transcript/protein relative accumulation and plant frost tolerance. However, to apply these results in breeding, field experiments are necessary. The aim of the review is to provide a summary of the studies dealing with the relationships between plant acquired frost tolerance and COR/LEA transcripts/proteins relative accumulation in cereals grown in controlled and field conditions. The impacts of cold acclimation and vernalisation processes on the ability of winter-type Triticeae to accumulate COR/LEA proteins are discussed. The factors determining dehydrin relative accumulation under controlled cold acclimation treatments versus field trials during winter seasons are discussed. In conclusion, it can be stated that dehydrins could be used as suitable indicators of winter survival in field-grown winter cereals but only in plant prior to the fulfilment of vernalisation requirement.

• Klíčová slova
• COR14b, cold acclimation, dehydrins, field trials, frost tolerance, growth chambers, vernalisation,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The Dhn5 gene is the major cold-inducible dehydrin gene in barley. This study deals with the relationship between Dhn5 gene expression and its protein product accumulation, and the development of frost tolerance (FT) upon cold acclimation (CA) in 10 barley cultivars of different growth habits and geographical origins. The activation of Dhn5 gene expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the accumulation of DHN5 protein was evaluated by protein gel blot analysis using a specific anti-dehydrin antibody, and the acquired level of FT was determined by a direct frost test. During the first 2 weeks of CA, there was a rapid increase in Dhn5 gene expression, DHN5 protein accumulation and FT in all cultivars examined. After 2 weeks of CA, differences in DHN5 accumulation and in FT measured as lethal temperature (LT(50)) were observed between the cultivars belonging to different growth habits. Specifically, intermediate (I) and winter (W) cultivars showed a higher level of DHN5 accumulation and FT than the spring (S) cultivars, which exhibited a lower level of accumulated DHN5 and FT. (Intermediate cultivars do not have vernalization requirement, but they are able to induce a relatively high level of FT upon CA.) In contrast, no differences between the cultivars belonging to different growth habits in Dhn5 mRNA accumulation were found. After 3 weeks of CA, the differences in accumulated DHN5 and FT between the individual growth habits became evident due to different developmental regulation of FT. The amount of accumulated DHN5 corresponded well with the level of FT of individual cultivars. We conclude that the amount of accumulated DHN5 after a certain period of CA differed according to the growth habits of cultivars and can be used as a marker for determination of FT in barley.

• MeSH
• aklimatizace genetika   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace genetika   MeSH
• ječmen (rod) genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zmrazování * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dehydrin proteins, plant MeSH Prohlížeč
• messenger RNA MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

Five winter oilseed rape cultivars (Benefit, Californium, Cortes, Ladoga, Navajo) were subjected to 30 days of cold treatment (4 °C) to examine the effect of cold on acquired frost tolerance (FT), dehydrin (DHN) content, and photosynthesis-related parameters. The main aim of this study was to determine whether there are relationships between FT (expressed as LT50 values) and the other parameters measured in the cultivars. While the cultivar Benefit accumulated two types of DHNs (D45 and D35), the other cultivars accumulated three additional DHNs (D97, D47, and D37). The similar-sized DHNs (D45 and D47) were the most abundant; the others exhibited significantly lower accumulations. The highest correlations were detected between LT50 and DHN accumulation (r=-0.815), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi; r=-0.643), net photosynthetic rate (r=-0.628), stomatal conductance (r=0.511), and intracellular/intercellular CO2 concentration (r=0.505). Those cultivars that exhibited higher Pn rate in cold (and further a significant increase in WUEi) had higher levels of DHNs and also higher FT. No significant correlation was observed between LT50 and E, PRI, or NDVI. Overall, we have shown the selected physiological parameters to be able to distinguish different FT cultivars of winter oilseed rape.

• Klíčová slova
• ABA, AP, BEN, CA, CAL, COR, COR/LEA, Ci, Cold acclimation, D47, D45, D37 and D35 stand for dehydrin accumulation according to their different molecular masses from protein gel blot analysis (∼97, ∼47, ∼45, ∼37 and ∼35 kD), D97, DHN, Dehydrin, E, FT, Frost tolerance, GS, LAD, LT(50), NAV, NBT/BCIP, NDVI, PCA, PRI, Photosynthesis, Pn, SDS–PAGE, WUE, WUEi, Winter oilseed rape, abscisic acid, alkaline phosphatase, cold acclimation or cold acclimated, cold regulated/late embryogenesis abundant, cultivar Benefit, cultivar Californium, cultivar Cortes, cultivar Ladoga, cultivar Navajo, cultivars, cvs, dehydrin, frost tolerance, internal leaf CO(2) concentration, intrinsic water use efficiency (Pn/GS), lethal temperature for 50% of plants, net photosynthetic rate, nitro-blue tetrazolium/5-bromo-4-chloro-3′-indolyphosphate, normalized difference vegetation index, photochemical reflectance index, principal component analysis, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, water use efficiency (Pn/E),
• MeSH
• aklimatizace MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• Brassica napus fyziologie   MeSH
• fotosyntéza fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
• roční období * MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• voda fyziologie   MeSH
• zmrazování * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dehydrin proteins, plant MeSH Prohlížeč
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH
• voda MeSH

Water deficiency is one of the most significant abiotic stresses that negatively affects growth and reduces crop yields worldwide. Most research is focused on model plants and/or crops which are most agriculturally important. In this research, drought stress was applied to two drought stress contrasting varieties of Papaver somniferum (the opium poppy), a non-model plant species, during the first week of its germination, which differ in responses to drought stress. After sowing, the poppy seedlings were immediately subjected to drought stress for 7 days. We conducted a large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic analysis for drought stress response. At first, we found that the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles significantly differ. However, the most significant findings are the identification of key genes and proteins with significantly different expressions relating to drought stress, e.g., the heat-shock protein family, dehydration responsive element-binding transcription factors, ubiquitin E3 ligase, and others. In addition, metabolic pathway analysis showed that these genes and proteins were part of several biosynthetic pathways most significantly related to photosynthetic processes, and oxidative stress responses. A future study will focus on a detailed analysis of key genes and the development of selection markers for the determination of drought-resistant varieties and the breeding of new resistant lineages.

• Klíčová slova
• Papaver somniferum, dehydrins, drought response, gene expression, opium poppy, plant stress, proteomics, transcriptomics,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Drought-induced mortality is a major direct effect of climate change on tree health, but drought can also affect trees indirectly by altering their susceptibility to pathogens. Here, we report how a combination of mild or severe drought and pathogen infection affected the growth, pathogen resistance and gene expression in potted 5-year-old Norway spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. After 5 weeks of drought, trees were inoculated with the fungal pathogen Endoconidiophora polonica. Combined drought-pathogen stress over the next 8 weeks led to significant reductions in the growth of drought-treated trees relative to well-watered trees and more so in trees subjected to severe drought. Belowground, growth of the smallest fine roots was most affected. Aboveground, shoot diameter change was most sensitive to the combined stress, followed by shoot length growth and twig biomass. Both drought-related and some resistance-related genes were upregulated in bark samples collected after 5 weeks of drought (but before pathogen infection), and gene expression levels scaled with the intensity of drought stress. Trees subjected to severe drought were much more susceptible to pathogen infection than well-watered trees or trees subjected to mild drought. Overall, our results show that mild drought stress may increase the tree resistance to pathogen infection by upregulating resistance-related genes. Severe drought stress, on the other hand, decreased tree resistance. Because drought episodes are expected to become more frequent with climate change, combined effects of drought and pathogen stress should be studied in more detail to understand how these stressors interactively influence tree susceptibility to pests and pathogens.

• Klíčová slova
• Endoconidiophora polonica, Picea abies, dehydrins, fine roots, needles, resistance genes, tracheid structure,
• MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• období sucha MeSH
• smrk * genetika   MeSH
• stromy genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Norsko MeSH