The rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance poses a critical threat to global health and the environment. Antimicrobial nanomaterials, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are being explored as innovative solutions; however, the emergence of nanoresistance challenges their effectiveness. Understanding resistance mechanisms is essential for developing antievolutionary strategies. AgNPs exhibit diverse resistance mechanisms, and our findings reveal a dynamic transition between these mechanisms: from flagellin-mediated AgNP precipitation (state I) to activation of the copper efflux pump (CusCFBA) system (state II). We designed targeted physicochemical interventions to counteract these mechanisms. Energy supply blocking was effective for state I, while for state II, neutralizing intracellular acidic pH significantly reduced resistance. These strategies reduced nanoresistance/tolerance by up to 10,000-fold. Additionally, resistance evolution can be completely halted by disrupting the energy supply using carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone and overactivating sigma E, one of the key envelope stress regulators that govern resistance transitions. Our findings provide practical strategies to overcome nanoresistance, offering a groundbreaking approach to enhance nanoantimicrobials' efficacy in medical therapies and combat resistance evolution.

• Klíčová slova
• envelope stress, evolutionary transition, nanoresistance, resensitization, silver nanoparticle,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence účinky léků   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kovové nanočástice * chemie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti * MeSH
• stříbro * chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky * MeSH
• stříbro * MeSH

Species distributions are rapidly changing as human globalization increasingly moves organisms to novel environments. In marine systems, species introductions are the result of a number of anthropogenic mechanisms, notably shipping, aquaculture/mariculture, the pet and bait trades, and the creation of canals. Marine invasions are a global threat to human and non-human populations alike and are often listed as one of the top conservation concerns worldwide, having ecological, evolutionary, and social ramifications. Evolutionary investigations of marine invasions can provide crucial insight into an introduced species' potential impacts in its new range, including: physiological adaptation and behavioral changes to exploit new environments; changes in resident populations, community interactions, and ecosystems; and severe reductions in genetic diversity that may limit evolutionary potential in the introduced range. This special issue focuses on current research advances in the evolutionary biology of marine invasions and can be broadly classified into a few major avenues of research: the evolutionary history of invasive populations, post-invasion reproductive changes, and the role of evolution in parasite introductions. Together, they demonstrate the value of investigating marine invasions from an evolutionary perspective, with benefits to both fundamental and applied evolutionary biology at local and broad scales.

• Klíčová slova
• adaptation, estuarine, evolutionary history, host–parasite interactions, introduction, non‐native, reproduction, sea,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Genetic variation is the major mechanism behind adaptation and evolutionary change. As most proteins operate through interactions with other proteins, changes in protein complex composition and subunit sequence provide potentially new functions. Comparative genomics can reveal expansions, losses and sequence divergence within protein-coding genes, but in silico analysis cannot detect subunit substitutions or replacements of entire protein complexes. Insights into these fundamental evolutionary processes require broad and extensive comparative analyses, from both in silico and experimental evidence. Here, we combine data from both approaches and consider the gamut of possible protein complex compositional changes that arise during evolution, citing examples of complete conservation to partial and total replacement by functional analogues. We focus in part on complexes in trypanosomes as they represent one of the better studied non-animal/non-fungal lineages, but extend insights across the eukaryotes by extensive comparative genomic analysis. We argue that gene loss plays an important role in diversification of protein complexes and hence enhancement of eukaryotic diversity.

• Klíčová slova
• constructive neutral evolution, evolutionary divergence, evolutionary mechanisms, gene replacement, molecular evolution, protein complexes,
• MeSH
• Eukaryota * genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The monomeric photosystem I-light-harvesting antenna complex I (PSI-LHCI) supercomplex from the extremophilic red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae represents an intermediate evolutionary link between the cyanobacterial PSI reaction center and its green algal/higher plant counterpart. We show that the C. merolae PSI-LHCI supercomplex is characterized by robustness in various extreme conditions. By a combination of biochemical, spectroscopic, mass spectrometry, and electron microscopy/single particle analyses, we dissected three molecular mechanisms underlying the inherent robustness of the C. merolae PSI-LHCI supercomplex: (1) the accumulation of photoprotective zeaxanthin in the LHCI antenna and the PSI reaction center; (2) structural remodeling of the LHCI antenna and adjustment of the effective absorption cross section; and (3) dynamic readjustment of the stoichiometry of the two PSI-LHCI isomers and changes in the oligomeric state of the PSI-LHCI supercomplex, accompanied by dissociation of the PsaK core subunit. We show that the largest low light-treated C. merolae PSI-LHCI supercomplex can bind up to eight Lhcr antenna subunits, which are organized as two rows on the PsaF/PsaJ side of the core complex. Under our experimental conditions, we found no evidence of functional coupling of the phycobilisomes with the PSI-LHCI supercomplex purified from various light conditions, suggesting that the putative association of this antenna with the PSI supercomplex is absent or may be lost during the purification procedure.

• MeSH
• biologická adaptace MeSH
• chlorofyl metabolismus   MeSH
• cirkulární dichroismus MeSH
• fluorescenční spektrometrie MeSH
• fotosystém I - proteinový komplex chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• Rhodophyta chemie   fyziologie   MeSH
• sinice chemie   fyziologie   MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• světlosběrné proteinové komplexy chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• zeaxanthiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chlorofyl MeSH
• fotosystém I - proteinový komplex MeSH
• světlosběrné proteinové komplexy MeSH
• zeaxanthiny MeSH

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• pohlavní chromozomy * genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

BACKGROUND: Whole-genome duplication (polyploidization) is a dominant force in sympatric speciation, particularly in plants. Genome doubling instantly poses a barrier to gene flow owing to the strong crossing incompatibilities between individuals differing in ploidy. The strength of the barrier, however, varies from species to species and recent genetic investigations revealed cases of rampant interploidy introgression in multiple ploidy-variable species. SCOPE: Here, we review novel insights into the frequency of interploidy gene flow in natural systems and summarize the underlying mechanisms promoting interploidy gene flow. Field surveys, occasionally complemented by crossing experiments, suggest frequent opportunities for interploidy gene flow, particularly in the direction from diploid to tetraploid, and between (higher) polyploids. However, a scarcity of accompanying population genetic evidence and a virtual lack of integration of these approaches leave the underlying mechanisms and levels of realized interploidy gene flow in nature largely unknown. Finally, we discuss potential consequences of interploidy genome permeability on polyploid speciation and adaptation and highlight novel avenues that have just recently been opened by the very first genomic studies of ploidy-variable species. Standing in stark contrast with rapidly accumulating evidence for evolutionary importance of homoploid introgression, similar cases in ploidy-variable systems are yet to be documented. CONCLUSIONS: The genomics era provides novel opportunity to re-evaluate the role of interploidy introgression in speciation and adaptation. To achieve this goal, interdisciplinary studies bordering ecology and population genetics and genomics are needed.

• Klíčová slova
• Adaptation, evolution, genetic introgression, polyploidy, speciation, whole-genome duplication,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• genom rostlinný genetika   MeSH
• ploidie MeSH
• polyploidie * MeSH
• rostliny genetika   MeSH
• rozmnožování genetika   MeSH
• tok genů * MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

SARS-CoV-2 has accumulated many mutations since its emergence in late 2019. Nucleotide substitutions leading to amino acid replacements constitute the primary material for natural selection. Insertions, deletions, and substitutions appear to be critical for coronavirus's macro- and microevolution. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of mutations in the mutational hotspots (positions, loci with recurrent mutations, and nucleotide context) is important for disentangling roles of mutagenesis and selection. In the SARS-CoV-2 genome, deletions and insertions are frequently associated with repetitive sequences, whereas C>U substitutions are often surrounded by nucleotides resembling the APOBEC mutable motifs. We describe various approaches to mutation spectra analyses, including the context features of RNAs that are likely to be involved in the generation of recurrent mutations. We also discuss the interplay between mutations and natural selection as a complex evolutionary trend. The substantial variability and complexity of pipelines for the reconstruction of mutations and the huge number of genomic sequences are major problems for the analyses of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. As a solution, we advocate for the development of a centralized database of predicted mutations, which needs to be updated on a regular basis.

• Klíčová slova
• ADAR, APOBEC, SARS-CoV-2, epistasis, low-complexity regions, mutation hotspots, oxidative stress, viral fitness,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• mutageneze MeSH
• nukleotidy MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nukleotidy MeSH

The triploid block, primarily caused by endosperm developmental issues, is known as a significant barrier to interploidy hybridization among flowering plants and thereby, polyploid speciation. However, its strength varies across taxa, with some instances of leakiness, questioning its universal role as a barrier. We conducted a literature survey to explore the causes of the variation in the strength of triploid block across 11 angiosperm families. We particularly assessed the impact of interploidy cross direction, types of endosperm development, endosperm persistence at seed maturity, and divergence between cytotypes using a Bayesian meta-analysis. We found a significant influence of the type of endosperm in shaping variation in triploid block strength. Other factors tested had no impact on triploid seed viability, likely due to limited data and inconsistencies in estimation methods across the literature. In addition, triploid seed viability in experimental crosses was sometimes correlated to the occurrence of triploid hybrids in nature, sometimes not, suggesting a mixed role of the triploid block in shaping interspecies gene flow. Altogether, our study highlights the need for unified approaches in future studies on the triploid block to advance our understanding of its variation and evolutionary implications.

• Klíčová slova
• endosperm development, hybrid seed lethality, interploidy gene flow, natural variation, polyploidy speciation, triploid block,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) like arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) constitute one-third to half of fish sperm lipids. Fish sperm is rich in phospholipid (PL)-primarily phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin. DHA is generally the most abundant LC-PUFA in each PL class, followed by competition between ARA and EPA. While the total n-6: n-3 PUFA ratio does not correlate significantly with sperm biomechanics, LC-PUFA do. DHA positively influences sperm biomechanics, while ARA and EPA may be negatively associated. Fish sperm maintains lower (≤1) total n-6 PUFA per unit of n-3 PUFA but keep a higher (>1) ARA per unit EPA. A weak dietary influence on sperm EPA and DHA exists but not on ARA. The DHA: EPA ratio in fish sperm is often >1, though values <1 occur. Certain species cannot fortify DHA sufficiently during spermatogenesis, diverging through whole genome duplications. Fish sperm can show ARA: EPA ratios greater or less than 1, due to shifts in prostaglandin pathways in different evolutionary eras. DHA-rich PL bilayers provide unique packing and fusogenic properties, with ARA/EPA-derived eicosanoids guiding sperm rheotaxis/chemotaxis, modulated by DHA-derived resolvins. Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) sometimes substitutes for DHA in fish sperm.

• Klíčová slova
• Aquaculture animal nutrition, Evolutionary adaptations, Fish sperm, Lipidomics, Motility mechanisms, Reproductive fitness,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• dieta veterinární   MeSH
• kyseliny dokosahexaenové metabolismus   chemie   analýza   MeSH
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny * metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• ryby * metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• spermie * metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny dokosahexaenové MeSH
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny * MeSH

Discussions of the survival determinism concept have previously focused on its primary role in the evolution of early unicellular organisms in the light of findings which have been reported on a number of diseases. The rationale for such parallel was in the view according to which multicellular organisms could be regarded as sophisticated colonies of semi-autonomous, single-celled entities, whereby various diseases were described as conditions arising upon the activation of the respective survival mechanisms in a milieu unsuitable for such robust stress response. The cellular mechanisms that were discussed in these contexts have been known to play various roles in other biological processes. The proposed notion could thereby be further extended to discussion on mechanisms for the implementation of the respective survival pathways in the development of metazoa, considering that they would have been propagated in their evolution for so long. This manuscript first presents a concise overview of the model previously discussed, followed by the discussion on the role of respective mechanism(s) in origins and development of metazoa. Finally, a reflection on the concept in relation to the prominent evolutionary models is put forward to illustrate a broader context of what is being discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• Drifts, Evolutionary leaps, Selection, Survival determinism,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• buněčný rodokmen MeSH
• Caenorhabditis elegans MeSH
• Drosophila melanogaster MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genetický drift MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• modely genetické MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• mutageneze MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae MeSH
• selekce (genetika) * MeSH
• stochastické procesy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH