• Klíčová slova
• FOOD *, MEDICINE, VETERINARY *,
• MeSH
• lékařství * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• potraviny * MeSH
• veterinární lékařství * MeSH
• zásobování potravinami * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Animals are faced with a range of ecological constraints that shape their behavioural decisions. Habitat features that affect resource abundance will also have an impact, especially as regards spatial distribution, which will in turn affect associations between the animals. Here we utilised a network approach, using spatial and genetic data, to describe patterns in use of space (foraging sites) by free-ranging Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) at the Dakhla Oasis in Egypt. We observed a decrease in home range size during spring, when food availability was lowest, which was reflected by differences in space sharing networks. Our data showed that when food was abundant, space sharing networks were less connected and more related individuals shared more foraging sites. In comparison, when food was scarce the bats had few possibilities to decide where and with whom to forage. Overall, both networks had high mean degree, suggesting communal knowledge of predictable food distribution.

• MeSH
• Chiroptera fyziologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• komunikace zvířat * MeSH
• prostorová analýza MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• šíření informací MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie   MeSH
• zásobování potravinami statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Egypt MeSH

The types of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence integration to the food value and supply chain, other technologies embedded with artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence adoption barriers in the food value and supply chain, and solutions to overcome these barriers were analyzed by the authors. It was demonstrated by the analysis that artificial intelligence can be integrated vertically into the entire food supply and value chain, owing to its wide range of functions. Different phases of the chain are affected by developed technologies such as robotics, drones, and smart machines. Different capabilities are provided for different phases by the interaction of artificial intelligence with other technologies such as big data mining, machine learning, the Internet of services, agribots, industrial robots, sensors and drones, digital platforms, driverless vehicles and machinery, and nanotechnology, as revealed by a systematic literature analysis. However, the application of artificial intelligence is hindered by social, technological, and economic barriers. These barriers can be overcome by developing the financial and digital literacy of farmers and by disseminating good practices among the participants of the food supply and value chain.

• Klíčová slova
• artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence challenges, food supply chain,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In this study, the impacts of small-scale farmers on food security enhancement were estimated in three dimensions of food availability, food access and food utilization. In the current study, a systematic review and meta-analysis have been performed to synthesize results from 75 original articles. It includes the pooling of data that quantitatively investigate whether or not causal links characterized in the original articles remain valid across a broader scope of the literature. The findings show that farmers who are small-scale in natural/physical capital would lead to higher median food production and agricultural productivity, compared with small-scale farmers in financial capital, at about 19% and 15%, respectively. Meta-regression results indicate that small-scale farmers in natural/physical capital have significantly positive effects on the average agricultural productivity, food income and biofortification. By contrast, farmers who are small-scale in financial capital have negative effects on food security. The influential role of these small-scale farmers should also be considered since food insecurity leads to socio-economic implications. Therefore, it is recommended to cultivate higher value crops, to participate in various income-generating activities such as fisheries and forestry, and to pay agricultural credits. The effect of the size of small-scale farmers on global food security is very useful for policymakers to plan for a world without hunger. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

• Klíčová slova
• agricultural productivity, biofortification, financial capital, food income, food production, natural/physical capital,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• příjem MeSH
• zajištění potravin MeSH
• zásobování potravinami * MeSH
• zemědělci * MeSH
• zemědělství metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

In recent years, numerous foodborne outbreaks due to consumption of berry fruit contaminated by human enteric viruses have been reported. This European multinational study investigated possible contamination routes by monitoring the entire food chain for a panel of human and animal enteric viruses. A total of 785 samples were collected throughout the food production chain of four European countries (Czech Republic, Finland, Poland and Serbia) during two growing seasons. Samples were taken during the production phase, the processing phase, and at point-of-sale. Samples included irrigation water, animal faeces, food handlers' hand swabs, swabs from toilets on farms, from conveyor belts at processing plants, and of raspberries or strawberries at points-of-sale; all were subjected to virus analysis. The samples were analysed by real-time (reverse transcription, RT)-PCR, primarily for human adenoviruses (hAdV) to demonstrate that a route of contamination existed from infected persons to the food supply chain. The analyses also included testing for the presence of selected human (norovirus, NoV GI, NoV GII and hepatitis A virus, HAV), animal (porcine adenovirus, pAdV and bovine polyomavirus, bPyV) and zoonotic (hepatitis E virus, HEV) viruses. At berry production, hAdV was found in 9.5%, 5.8% and 9.1% of samples of irrigation water, food handlers' hands and toilets, respectively. At the processing plants, hAdV was detected in one (2.0%) swab from a food handler's hand. At point-of-sale, the prevalence of hAdV in fresh raspberries, frozen raspberries and fresh strawberries, was 0.7%, 3.2% and 2.0%, respectively. Of the human pathogenic viruses, NoV GII was detected in two (3.6%) water samples at berry production, but no HAV was detected in any of the samples. HEV-contaminated frozen raspberries were found once (2.6%). Animal faecal contamination was evidenced by positive pAdV and bPyV assay results. At berry production, one water sample contained both viruses, and at point-of-sale 5.7% and 1.3% of fresh and frozen berries tested positive for pAdV. At berry production hAdV was found both in irrigation water and on food handler's hands, which indicated that these may be important vehicles by which human pathogenic viruses enter the berry fruit chain. Moreover, both zoonotic and animal enteric viruses could be detected on the end products. This study gives insight into viral sources and transmission routes and emphasizes the necessity for thorough compliance with good agricultural and hygienic practice at the farms to help protect the public from viral infections.

• Klíčová slova
• Berry fruit, Food monitoring, Foodborne viruses, NoV, Real-time PCR, hAdV,
• MeSH
• adenoviry prasat izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Enterovirus MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• feces virologie   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské adenoviry izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• manipulace s potravinami metody   MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody MeSH
• Norovirus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ovoce virologie   MeSH
• Polyomavirus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• ruka virologie   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• virus hepatitidy A izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus hepatitidy E izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• viry MeSH
• zásobování potravinami MeSH
• zemědělské zavlažování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Finsko MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• Srbsko MeSH

All around the world, inequalities persist in the complex web of social, economic, and ecological factors that mediate food security outcomes at different human and institutional scales. There have been rapid and continuous improvements in agricultural productivity and better food security in many regions of the world during the past 50 years due to an expansion in crop area, irrigation, and supportive policy and institutional initiatives. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa, the situation is inverted. Statistics show that food insecurity has risen since 2015 in Sub-Saharan African countries, and the situation has worsened owing to the Ukraine conflict and the ongoing implications of the COVID-19 threat. This review looks into multidimensional challenges to achieving the SDG2 goal of "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture" in Sub-Saharan Africa and the prosper policy recommendations for action. Findings indicate that weak economic growth, gender inequality, high inflation, low crop productivity, low investment in irrigated agriculture and research, climate change, high population growth, poor policy frameworks, weak infrastructural development, and corruption are the major hurdles in the sustaining food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Promoting investments in agricultural infrastructure and extension services together with implementing policies targeted at enhancing the households' purchasing power, especially those in rural regions, appear to be essential drivers for improving both food availability and food access.

• Klíčová slova
• SDG2, Sub-Saharan Africa, food security, inequality, policy,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zajištění potravin MeSH
• zásobování potravinami * MeSH
• zemědělství metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• subsaharská Afrika epidemiologie   MeSH

Postponing the adoption of genome editing (GE) is costly, with lengthy regulatory processes contributing to postponement. Accelerating agricultural research and development (R&D) transfer is important for stimulating sustainable agricultural transitions and enhancing global food security. Using the MAGNET model, we incorporate dynamic R&D accumulation and compare economic projections in scenarios with accelerated R&D transfer. We calculate the cost of delay (COD) from postponing GE adoption. The results show that accelerating R&D transfer in high-income countries impacts economic performance, welfare, and food affordability globally; the annuity of COD ranges from losses of -$1.1 billion (Brazil) to gains of $18.5 billion (Europe). A 3-year acceleration of R&D transfer in all countries benefits middle and low-income countries the most (e.g. China, India, other Asian countries, and Sub-Saharan African countries), with the annuity of COD ranging from -$4.8 billion (Brazil) to $83.9 billion (China). Therefore, streamlining the GE regulatory framework is essential for enhancing food security and global welfare.

• Klíčová slova
• Agricultural R&D transfer, computable general equilibrium model, cost of delay, genome editing, global food security,
• MeSH
• editace genu ekonomika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• výzkum ekonomika   trendy   MeSH
• zajištění potravin * ekonomika   MeSH
• zásobování potravinami ekonomika   MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny genetika   růst a vývoj   ekonomika   MeSH
• zemědělství * ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kojení MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nutriční stav * MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• zásobování potravinami * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

• MeSH
• bezpečnost * MeSH
• kontaminace potravin * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obchod MeSH
• Organizace spojených národů MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• veřejná politika MeSH
• zásobování potravinami * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• zprávy MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• směrnice jako téma * MeSH
• surveillance populace MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• terorismus prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• zásobování potravinami normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH