The interest of a new approach in taking up the problems of host-parasite relationships with environment is proposed in terms of population biology. Two different integrating levels are considered: a microenvironment that corresponds particularly to the host and a macroenvironment corresponding to the whole host-parasite system. Some examples are given that provide significant reasons in perceiving the biology of Monogenea under these aspects. To conclude we emphasize the importance of developing this new way for the study of hybrids models in relation to parental host systems.

• MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• mořská voda MeSH
• obojživelníci parazitologie   MeSH
• ryby parazitologie   MeSH
• sladká voda MeSH
• Trematoda fyziologie   MeSH
• žábry parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Systems biology approaches, especially in the big data era, have revolutionized modern parasitology. Of the many different molecules participating in parasite-host interactions, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are now known to be (i) transmitted by the vector to possibly modulate vertebrate host responses and favor vector survival and (ii) regulated in the host by parasites to favor parasite survival. Here we provide an overview of the involvement of ncRNAs in the parasite-vector-host triad and their effect on host homeostasis based on recent advances and accumulating knowledge about the role of endogenous vertebrate noncoding RNAs in vertebrate host physiology.

• Klíčová slova
• arthropod vectors, epigenetics, miRNA, noncoding RNA, parasite–vertebrate–host interaction, pathogenesis,
• MeSH
• homeostáza fyziologie   MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem * MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nekódující RNA genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• obratlovci imunologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nekódující RNA MeSH

We describe here a new pattern of population genetic structure in a host-parasite system that can arise after secondary contact of previously isolated populations. Due to different generation times, and therefore different tempos of molecular evolution, the host and parasite populations reach different degrees of genetic differentiation during their separation (e.g., in refugia). Consequently, upon secondary contact, the host populations are able to re-establish a single panmictic population across the area of contact, while the parasite populations stop their dispersal at the secondary contact zone and create a narrow hybrid zone. From the host's perspective, the parasite's hybrid zone functions on a microevolutionary scale as a "parasite turnover zone": while the hosts are passing from area A to area B, their parasites turn genetically from the area A genotypes to the area B genotypes. We demonstrate this novel pattern with a model composed of Apodemus mice and Polyplax lice by comparing maternally inherited markers (complete mitochondrial genomes, and complete genomes of the vertically transmitted symbiont Legionella polyplacis) with single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from louse genomic data. We discuss the circumstances that may lead to this pattern and possible reasons why it has been overlooked in studies of host-parasite population genetics.

• Klíčová slova
• Apodemus flavicollis, Polyplax serrata, genomics, host-parasite, secondary contact,
• MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita genetika   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• myši MeSH
• paraziti * MeSH
• Phthiraptera * MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Monogenea (Platyhelminthes), mainly gill and fin ectoparasites of fish, are often recognized as host specific and morphologically and ecologically diverse. These parasites exhibit high species diversity at the level of host species or individual fish specimens. Using case studies, especially those widely performed in Dactylogyrus parasitizing cyprinoid fish, this article presents current knowledge on the ecology and evolution of congeneric gill monogeneans. The important aspects of the ecology of congeneric monogeneans are highlighted, in particular: host specificity expressed at several host levels (from strict specificity to phylogenetic specificity), microhabitat specificity expressed by restricted positions on fish gills to facilitate intraspecific mating, and the link between microhabitat preference and morphological adaptation (i.e., sclerotized structures of the haptor) or reproductive isolation. From the evolutionary perspective, this study focused on the processes of the speciation and diversification of congeneric monogeneans, highlighting the role of host switch as the most prominent coevolutionary event, accompanied in some cases mostly by intrahost speciation or cospeciation, as revealed by cophylogenetic studies. Here, important knowledge on evolutionary patterns of host specificity, microhabitat specificity, and morphological adaptation is presented. Host-specific monogeneans may represent an important tool for studying the historical biogeography of their hosts. Specifically, in the case of freshwater fish hosts exhibiting disjunctive distribution, they reflect both historical and contemporary contacts. The role of host-specific congeneric monogeneans in revealing historical intercontinental and intracontinental contacts between freshwater fish is highlighted. Finally, the importance of the role of genetic coadaptation, limiting the presence of host-specific monogeneans in hybrid fish, is emphasized.

TITLE: Monogènes spécifiques à leur hôte parasitant les poissons d’eau douce : écologie et évolution des associations hôtes-parasites. ABSTRACT: Les Monogènes (Plathelminthes), principalement ectoparasites des branchies et des nageoires des poissons, sont souvent reconnus comme spécifiques à leur hôte et diversifiés morphologiquement et écologiquement. Ces parasites présentent une grande diversité d’espèces au niveau des espèces hôtes ou des spécimens individuels de poissons. À l’aide d’études de cas (en particulier celles largement réalisées chez les Dactylogyrus parasitant les poissons cyprinoïdes), les connaissances actuelles sur l’écologie et l’évolution des monogènes branchiaux congénères sont présentées. Les aspects importants de l’écologie des monogènes congénères sont mis en évidence, en particulier la spécificité à l’hôte exprimée à plusieurs niveaux de l’hôte (de la spécificité stricte à la spécificité phylogénétique), la spécificité du microhabitat exprimée par des positions restreintes sur les branchies des poissons pour faciliter l’accouplement intraspécifique, et le lien entre la préférence du microhabitat et l’adaptation morphologique (c’est-à-dire les structures sclérifiées du hapteur) ou l’isolement reproductif. Du point de vue évolutif, l’étude a été concentrée sur les processus de spéciation et de diversification des monogènes congénères, soulignant le rôle du changement d’hôte comme l’événement coévolutif le plus important, accompagné surtout dans certains cas de spéciation ou de cospéciation intra-hôte, comme le révèlent les études cophylogénétiques. Des connaissances importantes sont présentées ici sur les modèles évolutifs de spécificité d’hôte, de spécificité de microhabitat et d’adaptation morphologique. Les monogènes spécifiques à l’hôte peuvent représenter un outil important pour étudier la biogéographie historique de leurs hôtes. Plus précisément, dans le cas des poissons d’eau douce hôtes présentant une distribution disjonctive, ils reflètent à la fois des contacts historiques et contemporains. Le rôle des monogènes congénères spécifiques à leur hôte dans la révélation des contacts intercontinentaux et intracontinentaux historiques entre poissons d’eau douce est mis en évidence. Enfin, l’importance du rôle de la coadaptation génétique limitant la présence de monogènes spécifiques à l’hôte chez les poissons hybrides est soulignée.

• Klíčová slova
• Fish parasites, Genetic coadaptation, Host specificity, Host-parasite coevolution, Monogeneans, Species coexistence,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hostitelská specificita * MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda veterinární   parazitologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita * MeSH
• nemoci ryb * parazitologie   MeSH
• ploštěnci fyziologie   klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ryby parazitologie   MeSH
• sladká voda * parazitologie   MeSH
• Trematoda fyziologie   klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• žábry * parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The impact of multiple invading species can be magnified owing to mutual facilitation--termed 'invasional meltdown'--but invasive species can also be adversely affected by their interactions with other invaders. Using a unique reciprocal host-parasite relationship between a bitterling fish (Rhodeus amarus) and unionid mussels, we show that an invasive mussel reverses the roles in the relationship. Bitterling lay their eggs into mussel gills, and mussel larvae parasitize fish. Bitterling recently colonized Europe and parasitize all sympatric European mussels, but are unable to use a recently invasive mussel, Anodonta woodiana. The parasitic larvae of A. woodiana successfully develop on R. amarus, whereas larvae of European mussels are rejected by bitterling. This demonstrates that invading species may temporarily benefit from a coevolutionary lag by exploiting evolutionarily naive hosts, but the resulting relaxed selection may facilitate its exploitation by subsequent invading species, leading to unexpected consequences for established interspecific relationships.

• MeSH
• Anodonta růst a vývoj   parazitologie   MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• Cyprinidae růst a vývoj   parazitologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• kladení vajíček MeSH
• neparametrická statistika MeSH
• sympatrie MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) MeSH
• žábry parazitologie   MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The helminths infesting the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara (Jacquin, 1787), were studied with special attention to the relations between the number of nematodes, Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782), and the size, sex and age class of the host. The possible seasonality of the parasite intensity and the relationship with the feeding habits of the host were also tested. Helminth infracommunities of Z. vivipara were depauperate with lizards harbouring only two species, the trematode Plagiorchis molini (Lent et Freitas, 1940) and the nematode O. filiformis. A positive correlation between host size and the number of O. filiformis was found for female Z. vivipara. However, no correlation was detected between intensity and sex or age class. The feeding habits of Z. vivipara, the isolation of the population studied and the low level of interaction with other reptilian or amphibian species are suggested as the causes of the depauperate helminth infracommunities found in this lacertid lizard.

• MeSH
• hlístice klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita fyziologie   MeSH
• ještěři parazitologie   MeSH
• nematodózy parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Španělsko MeSH

Parasites are a key driving force behind many ecological and evolutionary processes. Prevalence and diversity of parasites, as well as their effects on hosts, are not uniform across host species. As such, the potential parasite spillover between species can significantly influence outcomes of interspecific interactions. We screened two species of Luscinia nightingales for haemosporidian blood parasites (Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus) along an approximately 3000 km transect in Europe, incorporating areas of host distant allopatry, close allopatry and sympatry. We found significant differences in infection rates between the two host species, with common nightingales having much lower parasite prevalence than thrush nightingales (36.7% versus 83.8%). This disparity was mostly driven by Haemoproteus prevalence, which was significantly higher in thrush nightingales while common nightingales had a small, but significantly higher, Plasmodium prevalence. Furthermore, we found no effect of proximity to the contact zone on infection rate in either host species. Despite having lower infection prevalence, common nightingales were infected with a significantly higher diversity of parasite lineages than thrush nightingales, and lineage assemblages differed considerably between the two species, even in sympatry. This pattern was mostly driven by the large diversity of comparatively rare lineages, while the most abundant lineages were shared between the two host species. This suggests that, despite the close evolutionary relationships between the two nightingales, there are significant differences in parasite prevalence and diversity, regardless of the distance from the contact zone. This suggests that spillover of haemosporidian blood parasites is unlikely to contribute towards interspecific interactions in this system.

• Klíčová slova
• Birds, Community ecology, Disease biology, Host-parasite interactions, Hybridisation, Parasitology,
• MeSH
• Haemosporida * klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   genetika   MeSH
• hostitelská specificita MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• nemoci ptáků parazitologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Passeriformes parazitologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• protozoální infekce zvířat epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• sympatrie * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

Susceptibility to parasite infection was examined in a field experiment for four populations of 0+ juvenile European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus): one sympatric to local parasite fauna, one allopatric, and two hybrid populations. Significantly higher parasite abundance was recorded in the allopatric bitterling population, suggesting a maladaptation of parasites to their sympatric host. Type of parasite life cycle played an important role in host-parasite interactions. While the abundance of allogenic species between populations was comparable, a significant difference was found in abundance of autogenic parasite species between fish populations, with the allopatric population more infected. These results correspond with a prediction of higher dispersion probability and higher gene flow among geographically distant populations of allogenic species as compared to autogenic species. Increased susceptibility to parasites that do not occur within the natural host's geographical distribution was found in the allopatric host, but only for autogenic species. A difference in infection susceptibility was detected among populations of early-hatched bitterling exposed to infection during a period of high parasite abundance and richness in the environment. Differences in parasite abundance and species diversity among populations diminished, however, with increasing time of exposure. No difference was found within late-hatched populations, probably due to a lower probability of infection in late-hatched cohorts.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• chiméra parazitologie   MeSH
• Cyprinidae parazitologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita * MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• nemoci ryb parazitologie   MeSH
• parazitární nemoci u zvířat parazitologie   MeSH
• paraziti klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

While studying the population ecology of cattle warble flies (Diptera, Hypodermatidae) in Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union and Mongolia a firm internal regulatory system, determining the population density of parasites and operating on the principle of negative feedback, was demonstrated. The negative binomial distribution proved to be a suitable model in other parasite groups as well. The internal regulatory systems are common consistent patterns in the parasite-host relationship with specific parasites. These consistent patterns and the methodical approach to them are of wider importance not only for parasitology in particular, but for the research of ecosystems in general. This trend of research can be therefore considered to be momentous, comparable with other concepts in parasitology.

• MeSH
• Diptera fyziologie   MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• hypodermyiáza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• larva MeSH
• nemoci skotu parazitologie   MeSH
• skot parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot parazitologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Mongolsko MeSH
• SSSR MeSH

Host-parasite coevolution is one of the fundamentals of evolutionary biology. Due to the intertwined evolutionary history of two interacting species and reciprocal coadaptation processes of hosts and parasites, we can expect that studying parasites will shed more light onto the evolutionary processes of their hosts. Monogenea (ectoparasitic Platyhelminthes) and their cyprinoid fish hosts represent one of the best models for studying host-parasite evolutionary relationships using a cophylogenetic approach. These parasites have developed remarkably high host specificity, where each host species often serves as a potential host for its own host-specific monogenean species. Here, the cophylogenetic relationships in the Dactylogyrus-Squalius system was investigated, as Squalius is one of several cyprinoid genera with puzzling phylogeography and inhabits all four major peri-Mediterranean peninsulas. Of 29 endemic Squalius species examined for the presence of Dactylogyrus parasites, a total of 13 Dactylogyrus species were collected from the gills of 20 Squalius species across a wide range of distribution. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed a polyphyletic origin for Dactylogyrus species parasitizing congeneric Squalius, with four major clades being recognized. On the basis of the delimitation of host specificity, strict specialists parasitizing single host species, geographic specialists parasitizing congeners in a limited geographical region, and true generalists parasitizing congeners in various geographical regions were recognized in Dactylogyrus species parasitizing Squalius. The phylogenetic reconstruction of Squalius hosts revealed two major clades, the first encompassing only peri-Mediterranean species and the second including species from other Euro-Asian regions. Distance-based cophylogenetic methods did not reveal a statistically significant global cophylogenetic structure in the studied system; however, several host-parasite links among Iberian endemic species contributed significantly to the overall structure. The widest host range and associated genetic variability were recorded for D. folkmanovae, parasitizing nine Squalius species, and D. vistulae, parasitizing 13 Squalius species. Two different dispersion mechanisms and morphological adaptations to Squalius hosts were clearly reflected in the contrasting cophylogenetic patterns for these two species with different levels of host specificity. While host-parasite cospeciation plays an important role in diversification within D. folkmanovae, diversification within D. vistulae is driven mainly by host switching.

• Klíčová slova
• Cophylogeny, Cyprinoidei, Dactylogyrus, Host specificity, Host-switching, Peri-Mediterranean, Squalius,
• MeSH
• Cyprinidae * genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita genetika   MeSH
• paraziti * MeSH
• ploštěnci * genetika   MeSH
• Trematoda * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH