monolithic columns
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At the turn of the millennium, the monolithic columns invoked new chances in HPLC. Even more than their organic polymer-based siblings, the inorganic silica-based monoliths targeted the territory of classical fully porous particle-packed columns, promising many benefits. Based on the number of published articles, the monoliths attracted academics just in the first few years after their introduction to the market. Lately, as superficially porous particles and sub-2-micron fully porous particles dominated the market, they stayed in the focus of routine laboratories and those who really appreciated the high porosity of the monolithic bed. The monoliths' practical benefits cannot be easily traced in the literature when they gradually lose academics' interest. Nevertheless, after more than 20 years of our experience, we still favor silica monoliths for their low back pressure and longevity when analyzing samples of clinical, pharmaceutical, and environmental origin. At the same time, the high permeability of monoliths enabled the birth of sequential injection chromatography, the medium-pressure separation technique based on the flexible flow manifold. This minireview aims to check, discuss, and summarize the practical aspects of monolithic silica columns in HPLC and medium-pressure sequential injection chromatography (SIC) that may not be visible at first sight but are evident retrospectively.
We prepared 0.53 and 0.32 mm id monolithic microcolumns by in situ copolymerization of a zwitterionic sulfobetaine functional monomer with bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BIGDMA) and dioxyethylene dimetacrylate crosslinkers. The columns show a dual retention mechanism (hydrophilic-interaction mode) in acetonitrile-rich mobile phases and RP in highly aqueous mobile phases. The new 0.53 mm id columns provided excellent reproducibility, retention, and separation selectivity for phenolic acids and flavonoids. The new zwitterionic monolithic columns are highly orthogonal, with respect to alkyl silica stationary phases, not only in the hydrophilic-interaction mode but also in the RP mode. The optimized monolithic zwitterionic microcolumn of 0.53 mm id was employed in the first dimension, either in the aqueous normal-phase or in the RP mode, coupled with a short nonpolar core-shell column in the second dimension, for comprehensive 2D LC separations of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. When the 2D setup with the sulfobetaine-BIGDMA column was used for repeated sample analysis, with alternating gradients of decreasing (hydrophilic-interaction mode), and increasing (RP mode) concentration of acetonitrile on the sulfobetaine-BIGDMA column in the first dimension, useful complementary information on the sample could be obtained.
- Klíčová slova
- Flavonoids, HILIC, Monolithic columns, Phenolic compounds, Two-dimensional chromatography,
- MeSH
- benzhydrylové sloučeniny chemie MeSH
- betain analogy a deriváty chemie MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- fenoly chemie MeSH
- kyseliny polymethakrylové chemie MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- polymerizace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- benzhydrylové sloučeniny MeSH
- betain MeSH
- bisphenol A MeSH Prohlížeč
- fenoly MeSH
- kyseliny polymethakrylové MeSH
- polymethacrylic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- sulfobetaine MeSH Prohlížeč
Monolithic continuous separation media are gradually finding their way to sample pre-treatment, isolation, enrichment and final analytical separations of a plethora of compounds, occurring as food components, additives or contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides and toxins, which have traditionally been the domain of particulate chromatographic materials. In the present review, recent advances in the technology of monolithic columns and the applications in food analysis are addressed. Silica-based monoliths are excellent substitutes to conventional particle-packed columns, improving the speed of analysis for low-molecular weight compounds, due to their excellent efficiency and high permeability. These properties have been recently appreciated in two-dimensional HPLC, where the performance in the second dimension is of crucial importance. Organic-polymer monoliths in various formats provide excellent separations of biopolymers. Thin monolithic disks or rod columns are widely employed in isolation, purification and pre-treatment of sample containing proteins, peptides or nucleic acid fragments. Monolithic capillaries were originally intended for use in electrochromatography, but are becoming more frequently used for capillary and micro-HPLC. Monoliths are ideal highly porous support media for immobilization or imprinting template molecules, to provide sorbents for shape-selective isolation of target molecules from various matrices occurring in food analysis. The separation efficiency of organic polymer monoliths for small molecules can be significantly improved by optimization of polymerization approach, or by post-polymerization modification. This will enable full utilization of a large variety of available monomers to prepare monoliths with chemistry matching the needs of selectivity of separations of various food samples containing even very polar or ionized compounds.
- Klíčová slova
- Disks, Food analysis, MIPS, Organic polymer monoliths, Silica monolithic columns,
- MeSH
- analýza potravin metody MeSH
- chromatografie přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- molekulový imprinting přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- oxid křemičitý chemie MeSH
- polymery chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- oxid křemičitý MeSH
- polymery MeSH
We studied possibilities of prediction of the gradient elution data for alkylbenzenes, flavones and phenolic acids on two short octadecyl silica gel monolithic columns, namely a Chromolith Flash C18, 25×4.6mm, and a "new generation" Chromolith High Resolution C18, 50×4.6mm, in fast 1-2min gradients. With fixed short gradient times and varying gradient ranges of acetonitrile concentration in water, high flow rates of the mobile phase (3-5mL/min) could be used. The gradient elution data were predicted from four gradient models based on two-parameter and three-parameter isocratic retention equations. Various gradient retention models can be used for prediction of chromatograms and optimization of separation within a fixed gradient time. A two-parameter log-log model introduced in 1974 and a three-parameter model introduced in 1980 provided slightly more accurate prediction than the Linear Solvent Strength (LSS) semi-logarithmic two-parameter model, most frequently used in reversed-phase LC. A three-parameter model introduced in 1978 provided slightly improved accuracy of prediction of gradient data with respect to two-parameter models, in contrast to another, more recent three-parameter empirical model introduced in 2010 (which failed for gradients starting at a non-zero concentration of acetonitrile). Both a longer (5cm) and more efficient Chromolith HR column and a shorter (2.5cm) slightly less efficient Chromolith Flash column provide useful separations in fast gradients (1-2min) at high flow rates (3.5-5mL/min), especially in second dimension of two-dimensional LC×LC, in combination with HILIC separation on monolithic microcolumn in D1.
- Klíčová slova
- Fast separations, Gradient elution, Modeling of chromatography, Monolithic columns, Two-dimensional chromatography,
- MeSH
- acetonitrily MeSH
- benzenové deriváty analýza MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- flavony analýza MeSH
- oxid křemičitý chemie MeSH
- rozpouštědla MeSH
- statistické modely MeSH
- voda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- acetonitrile MeSH Prohlížeč
- acetonitrily MeSH
- benzenové deriváty MeSH
- flavony MeSH
- octadecylsilica MeSH Prohlížeč
- oxid křemičitý MeSH
- rozpouštědla MeSH
- voda MeSH
The polarity of (poly)methacrylate monolithic capillary columns was varied by using alkylmethacrylate monomers with butyl, cyclohexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, lauryl, and stearyl functional groups in the polymerization mixture. The hydrodynamic properties, as well as the retention characteristics in RP-LC of small molecules (alkylbenzenes) and of proteins under gradient elution conditions were studied. The RP selectivity depends on the type of alkyl chain in methacrylate monomer; however, there was no direct correlation between the size of the monomer molecule and methylene or aromatic selectivity of the monlithic column. The lowest selectivity was found for column based on lauryl methacrylate monomer. On the other hand, butyl methacrylate column shows high phenyl selectivity and the column with stearyl methacrylate possesses the highest methylene selectivity for small molecules. The retention increases with longer alkyl chain in methacrylate monomer, especially for high molar mass proteins on all prepared columns and showed gradient elution behavior of proteins in agreement with the linear solvent strength gradient model. The poly(laurylmethacrylate) column showed lowest hydrophobicity but best efficiency for proteins of all columns tested.
- Klíčová slova
- Efficiency, Functional monomers, Polarity, Polymethacrylate monolithic columns, Proteins,
- MeSH
- kyseliny polymethakrylové chemie MeSH
- organické látky chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- proteiny chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kyseliny polymethakrylové MeSH
- organické látky MeSH
- polymethacrylic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- proteiny MeSH
This review article is an updated and extended version of the previous review that has been published 14 years ago . Although history does not change, its interpretation may. Therefore, I took the liberty to revisit the original work and added some of my new thoughts that could be interesting for the generation of scientists who are entering the intriguing arena of monoliths and may want to know the roots of the field. The current monolithic columns that are well applicable for efficient separations, were first described less than 30 years ago, and their advent represented the initial step to their present widespread appearance. At the beginning, the monolithic columns dominated the academic studies. However, several monolithic materials have later been materialized in commercial products. In order to stay within a reasonable size of this contribution, its focus is placed on developments achieved in the previous century. The very early reports are described in more detail since it might be difficult to find the original source.
- Klíčová slova
- History, Monoliths, Organic polymer, Silica,
- MeSH
- chromatografie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- hydrogely chemie MeSH
- oxid křemičitý chemie MeSH
- polymery chemie MeSH
- proteiny analýza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hydrogely MeSH
- oxid křemičitý MeSH
- polymery MeSH
- proteiny MeSH
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography largely increases the number of separated compounds in a single run, theoretically up to the product of the peaks separated in each dimension on the columns with different selectivities. On-line coupling of a reversed-phase column with an aqueous normal-phase (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography) column yields orthogonal systems with high peak capacities. Fast on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography needs a capillary or micro-bore column providing low-volume effluent fractions transferred to a short efficient second-dimension column for separation at a high mobile phase flow rate. We prepared polymethacrylate zwitterionic monolithic micro-columns in fused silica capillaries with structurally different dimethacrylate cross-linkers. The columns provide dual retention mechanism (hydrophilic interaction and reversed-phase). Setting the mobile phase composition allows adjusting the separation selectivity for various polar substance classes. Coupling on-line an organic polymer monolithic capillary column in the first dimension with a short silica-based monolithic column in the second dimension provides two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems with high peak capacities. The silica monolithic C18 columns provide higher separation efficiency than the particle-packed columns at the flow rates as high as 5 mL/min used in the second dimension. Decreasing the diameter of the silica monolithic columns allows using a higher flow rate at the maximum operation pressure and lower fraction volumes transferred from the first, hydrophilic interaction dimension, into the second, reversed-phase mode, avoiding the mobile phase compatibility issues, improving the resolution, increasing the peak capacity, and the peak production rate.
- Klíčová slova
- comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography, monolithic columns, polymethacrylate monoliths, silica-based monolithic columns,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In recent years, continuous separation media have attracted considerable attention because of the advantages they offer over packed columns. This research resulted in two useful monolithic material types, the first based on modified silica gel and the second on organic polymers. This work attempts to review advances in the development, characterization, and applications of monolithic columns based on synthetic polymers in capillary chromatography, with the main focus on monolithic beds prepared from methacrylate-ester based monomers. The polymerization conditions used in the production of polymethacrylate monolithic capillary columns are surveyed, with attention being paid to the concentrations of monomers, porogen solvents, and polymerization initiators as the system variables used to control the porous and hydrodynamic properties of the monolithic media. The simplicity of their preparation as well as the possibilities of controlling of their porous properties and surface chemistries are the main benefits of the polymer monolithic capillary columns in comparison to capillary columns packed with particulate materials. The application areas considered in this review concern mainly separations in reversed-phase chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interaction modes; enzyme immobilization and sample preparation in the capillary chromatography format are also addressed.
- MeSH
- kapilární elektrochromatografie metody MeSH
- kyseliny polymethakrylové chemie MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kyseliny polymethakrylové MeSH
Two chromatographic narrow-bore columns, a novel 2.6 μm particle-packed Kinetex™ C18 core-shell (50×2.1 mm id) and monolithic Chromolith(®) FastGradient RP-18e (50×2 mm id), were evaluated for the analysis of diastereoisomers of the flavonolignans silybin and 23-O-acetylsilybin under isocratic conditions. The main advantages of the core-shell column are markedly higher efficiency (hmin =2.8 versus 5.6 for silybin A) and better peak symmetry. The Kinetex column exhibits only a slight change in the height equivalent of the theoretical plate with a higher linear velocity of the mobile phase. The monolithic column shows notably higher selectivity in terms of selectivity factor (1.21 versus 1.12) in the analysis of critical-pair of diastereoisomers (silybin A and silybin B) and enables shorter run duration (approx. twofold) together with lower backpressure. The resolution power was found to be comparable, but the Kinetex column required a higher pressure of the mobile phase that, together with the higher chance of clogging, can be a disadvantage in the separation of biological samples. Successful baseline separation of silybin diastereoisomers in real pharmaceutical sample on monolithic column was accomplished.
- Klíčová slova
- Chromolith, Core-shell, Kinetex, Monolithic column, Silybin,
- MeSH
- silibinin MeSH
- silymarin chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- stereoizomerie MeSH
- syntetické pryskyřice chemie MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- silibinin MeSH
- silymarin MeSH
- syntetické pryskyřice MeSH
The synthesis and characterization of large-bore silica-based monolithic capillary columns (0.32mm×150mm) are presented. Columns were prepared by acidic hydrolysis of a mixture containing tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (BTME) in different molar ratios in the presence of polyethylene glycol and urea. The monoliths were modified by zwitterionic monomer [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium hydroxide via 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. Prepared stationary phases were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and chromatographic separation of nucleobases and their derivatives in the HILIC mode. The best chromatographic results were obtained with the column prepared from the reaction mixture containing BTME and TMOS in a 1:4 molar ratio. The permeability of such column reached 1.68×10-14m2 and the efficiency, expressed as a height equivalent of the theoretical plate, did not exceed 10.5μm for the tested compounds. The columns were successfully applied to HILIC separation of native and labeled oligosaccharides and glycans released from bovine ribonuclease B and human immunoglobulin G.
- Klíčová slova
- HILIC, Nucleosides, Oligosaccharides, Silica monolithic column,
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- ethan analogy a deriváty chemie MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie s elektrosprejovou ionizací MeSH
- hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
- imunoglobulin G metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methakryláty chemie MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- oligosacharidy analýza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- organické sloučeniny křemíku chemie MeSH
- oxid křemičitý chemie MeSH
- ribonukleasy metabolismus MeSH
- skot MeSH
- trimethylsilylové sloučeniny chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate MeSH Prohlížeč
- bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane MeSH Prohlížeč
- ethan MeSH
- imunoglobulin G MeSH
- methakryláty MeSH
- oligosacharidy MeSH
- organické sloučeniny křemíku MeSH
- oxid křemičitý MeSH
- polysilsesquioxane MeSH Prohlížeč
- ribonuclease B MeSH Prohlížeč
- ribonukleasy MeSH
- trimethylsilylové sloučeniny MeSH
