Major depressive disorder, particularly its treatment-resistant form (TRD), poses significant treatment challenges. Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, has shown promise in rapidly alleviating depressive symptoms by influencing neuroplasticity and glutamatergic modulation, which are thought to influence brain activity complexity. In this placebo-controlled study, we examined the effects of subanesthetic doses of intravenous ketamine on EEG signal complexity in 24 MDD patients, 21 of whom had TRD. Treatment response was defined by a ≥ 33 % reduction in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) after ketamine administration. Patients underwent eyes-closed resting state EEG recording pre-, start-, end- and 24 h post-infusion, analyzed for temporospatial and spatiotemporal Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZCT and LZCS). Results indicated that ketamine significantly increased whole-brain LZCT during infusion compared to placebo (sodium chloride 0.9 %) (16.90 % vs. -4.84 %, 95 % CI 4.29 to 39.18, p = 0.017). Elevated LZCT at end-pre was associated with less short-term symptom improvement the following day. Conversely, lower pretreatment occipital LZCT (0.33 vs. 0.46, 95 % CI 0.007 to 0.26, p = 0.040) predicted a favorable response to ketamine, supported by a logistic regression model with an ROC area of 0.75. No significant changes were observed in LZCS, suggesting limited utility as a biomarker. In conclusion, occipital LZCT could serve as an effective predictive biomarker for ketamine's therapeutic effects in MDD, with implications for patients with TRD. This underscores the potential of EEG complexity measures in stratifying treatment and enhancing our understanding of the neural impacts of ketamine in depressive disorders.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomarker, EEG, Ketamine, Lempel-Ziv complexity, MDD, Treatment response,
• MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin * aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• deprese nereagující na léčbu * farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• depresivní porucha unipolární * farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• elektroencefalografie * účinky léků   MeSH
• ketamin * aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek * účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin * MeSH
• ketamin * MeSH

Biological complexity is challenging to define, but can be considered through one or more features, including overall genome size, number of genes, morphological features, multicellularity, number of life cycle stages and the ability to adapt to different environments. Euglena gracilis meets several of these criteria, with a large genome of ∼38,000 protein coding genes and a considerable ability to survive under many different conditions, some of which can be described as challenging or harsh. Potential molecular exemplars of complexity tying these aspects together are signalling pathways, including GTPases, kinases and ubiquitylation, which increase the functionality of the gene-encoded proteome manyfold. Each of these examples can modulate both protein activity and gene expression. To address the connection between genome size and complexity I have undertaken a brief, and somewhat qualitative, survey of the small ras-like GTPase superfamily of E. gracilis. Unexpectedly, apart from Rab-GTPases which control intracellular transport and organelle identify, the size of the GTPase cohort is modest, and, for example, has not scaled with gene number when compared to the close relatives, trypanosomatids. I suggest that understanding the functions of this protein family will be vital to uncovering the complexity of E. gracilis biology.

• Klíčová slova
• Biological complexity, Diversity, Euglena, Ras, Signal transduction, Small GTPases,
• MeSH
• Euglena gracilis * genetika   MeSH
• genom MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteom genetika   MeSH
• Ras proteiny * genetika   MeSH
• signální transdukce genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteom MeSH
• Ras proteiny * MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nowadays, an automated computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is an approach that plays an important role in the detection of health issues. The main advantages should be in early diagnosis, including high accuracy and low computational complexity without loss of the model performance. One of these systems type is concerned with Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and seizure detection. We designed a CAD system approach for seizure detection that optimizes the complexity of the required solution while also being reusable on different problems. METHODS: The methodology is built-in deep data analysis for normalization. In comparison to previous research, the system does not necessitate a feature extraction process that optimizes and reduces system complexity. The data classification is provided by a designed 8-layer deep convolutional neural network. RESULTS: Depending on used data, we have achieved the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of 98%, 98%, and 98.5% on the short-term Bonn EEG dataset, and 96.99%, 96.89%, and 97.06% on the long-term CHB-MIT EEG dataset. CONCLUSIONS: Through the approach to detection, the system offers an optimized solution for seizure diagnosis health problems. The proposed solution should be implemented in all clinical or home environments for decision support.

• Klíčová slova
• CAD, CNN, EEG, Seizures,
• MeSH
• diagnóza počítačová MeSH
• elektroencefalografie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuronové sítě * MeSH
• počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
• systémová analýza MeSH
• záchvaty * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Following stimulation, pancreatic β-cells must orchestrate a plethora of signalling events to ensure the appropriate release of insulin and maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis. Failure at any point in this cascade leads to impaired insulin secretion, elevated blood levels of glucose and eventually type 2 diabetes mellitus. Likewise, β-cell replacement or regeneration strategies for the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus might fail if the correct cell signalling phenotype cannot be faithfully recreated. However, current understanding of β-cell function is complicated because of the highly dynamic nature of their intracellular and intercellular signalling as well as insulin release itself. β-Cells must precisely integrate multiple signals stemming from multiple cues, often with differing intensities, frequencies and cellular and subcellular localizations, before converging these signals onto insulin exocytosis. In this respect, optical approaches with high resolution in space and time are extremely useful for properly deciphering the complexity of β-cell signalling. An increased understanding of β-cell signalling might identify new mechanisms underlying insulin release, with relevance for future drug therapy and de novo stem cell engineering of functional islets.

• MeSH
• beta-buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• homeostáza genetika   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sekrece inzulinu fyziologie   MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukosa MeSH

Expression takes place for most of the jasmonic acid (JA)-induced genes in a COI1-dependent manner via perception of its conjugate JA-Ile in the SCFCOI1-JAZ co-receptor complex. There are, however, numerous genes and processes, which are preferentially induced COI1-independently by the precursor of JA, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). After recent identification of the Ile-conjugate of OPDA, OPDA-Ile, biological activity of this compound could be unequivocally proven in terms of gene expression. Any interference of OPDA, JA, or JA-Ile in OPDA-Ile-induced gene expression could be excluded by using different genetic background. The data suggest individual signaling properties of OPDA-Ile. Future studies for analysis of an SCFCOI1-JAZ co-receptor-independent route of signaling are proposed.

• Klíčová slova
• 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), JA-Ile perception, OPDA-Ile-induced gene expression, SCFCOI1-JAZ coreceptor complex, jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile),
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis metabolismus   MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• isoleucin analogy a deriváty   metabolismus   MeSH
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 12-oxophytodienoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• cyklopentany MeSH
• isoleucin MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• jasmonoyl-isoleucine MeSH Prohlížeč
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny MeSH
• oxylipiny MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH

Walking is an everyday activity in our daily life. Because walking affects heart rate variability, in this research, for the first time, we analyzed the coupling among the alterations of the complexity of walking paths and heart rate. We benefited from the fractal theory and sample entropy to evaluate the influence of the complexity of paths on the complexity of heart rate variability (HRV) during walking. We calculated the fractal exponent and sample entropy of the R-R time series for nine participants who walked on four paths with various complexities. The findings showed a strong coupling among the alterations of fractal dimension (an indicator of complexity) of HRV and the walking paths. Besides, the result of the analysis of sample entropy also verified the obtained results from the fractal analysis. In further studies, we can analyze the coupling among the alterations of the complexities of other physiological signals and walking paths.

• Klíčová slova
• complexity, fractal exponent, heart rate variability, sample entropy, walking path,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In this article, we evaluated the variations of the brain and muscle activations while subjects are exposed to different perturbations to walking and standing balance. Since EEG and EMG signals have complex structures, we utilized the complexity-based analysis. Specifically, we analyzed the fractal dimension and sample entropy of Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electromyogram (EMG) signals while subjects walked and stood, and received different perturbations in the form of pulling and rotation (via virtual reality). The results showed that the complexity of EEG signals was higher in walking than standing as the result of different perturbations. However, the complexity of EMG signals was higher in standing than walking as the result of different perturbations. Therefore, the alterations in the complexity of EEG and EMG signals are inversely correlated. This analysis could be extended to investigate simultaneous variations of rhythmic patterns of other physiological signals while subjects perform different activities.

• Klíčová slova
• EEG signals, EMG signals, brain, complexity, muscle, perturbations, standing, walking,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Over the recent years, our understanding of the cell death machinery of mature erythrocytes has been greatly expanded. It resulted in the discovery of several regulated cell death (RCD) pathways in red blood cells. Apoptosis (eryptosis) and necroptosis of erythrocytes share certain features with their counterparts in nucleated cells, but they are also critically different in particular details. In this review article, we summarize the cell death subroutines in the erythroid precursors (apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis) in comparison to mature erythrocytes (eryptosis and erythronecroptosis) to highlight the consequences of organelle clearance and associated loss of multiple components of the cell death machinery upon erythrocyte maturation. Recent advances in understanding the role of erythrocyte RCDs in health and disease have expanded potential clinical applications of these lethal subroutines, emphasizing their contribution to the development of anemia, microthrombosis, and endothelial dysfunction, as well as their role as diagnostic biomarkers and markers of erythrocyte storage-induced lesions. Fas signaling and the functional caspase-8/caspase-3 system are not indispensable for eryptosis, but might be retained in mature erythrocytes to mediate the crosstalk between both erythrocyte-associated RCDs. The ability of erythrocytes to switch between eryptosis and necroptosis suggests that their cell death is not a simple unregulated mechanical disintegration, but a tightly controlled process. This allows investigation of eventual pharmacological interventions aimed at individual cell death subroutines of erythrocytes.

• Klíčová slova
• Apoptosis, Cell death, Ferroptosis, Necroptosis, Red blood cell,
• MeSH
• apoptóza * MeSH
• buněčná smrt MeSH
• eryptóza MeSH
• erytrocyty * metabolismus   cytologie   MeSH
• ferroptóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nekroptóza MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: The presence of parasite interference signals could cause serious problems in the registration of ECG signals and many works have been done to suppress electromyogram (EMG) artifacts noises and disturbances from electrocardiogram (ECG). Recently, new developed techniques based on global and local transforms have become popular such as wavelet shrinkage approaches (1995) and time-frequency dependent threshold (1998). Moreover, other techniques such as artificial neural networks (2003), energy thresholding and Gaussian kernels (2006) are used to improve previous works. This review summarizes windowed techniques of the concerned issue. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a mathematical method based on two sets of information, which are dominant scale of QRS complexes and their domain. The task is proposed by using a varying-length window that is moving over the whole signals. Both the high frequency (noise) and low frequency (base-line wandering) removal tasks are evaluated for manually corrupted ECG signals and are validated for actual recorded ECG signals. CONCLUSIONS: Although, the simplicity of the method, fast implementation, and preservation of characteristics of ECG waves represent it as a suitable algorithm, there may be some difficulties due to pre-stage detection of QRS complexes and specification of algorithm's parameters for varying morphology cases.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• elektrokardiografie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačové zpracování signálu * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Ethanol is linked to several pathologies like alcohol liver injury, neurotoxicity, cardiomyopathy, fetal alcoholic syndrome or cancer. It is generally accepted that oxidative stress plays a central role in their pathogenesis. After chronic and excessive consumption, alcohol may accelerate oxidative mechanisms both directly via increased production of reactive oxygen species and indirectly by impairing protective mechanisms against them. Ethanol, its metabolites arising during its metabolic degradation as well as novel compounds formed via ethanol induced oxidative stress, especially during the action of the ethanol inducible microsomal cytochrome CYP2E1, may apart from direct damage to biological structures affect signal transduction pathways thus modulating and potentiating damage. Alteration of the redox status of cells following chronic ethanol misuse may have profound effects on cellular function and viability and lead to cell death and tissue damage. These changes linked to pathologic processes in the organism, are related to alteration of intracellular signaling pathways associated with protein kinases and transcription factor activation. Mainly mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, transcription factors-nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activating protein 1 (AP-1) are involved in the deterioration of cells and organs. The response is cell-type specific and depends on the dose of ethanol. Oxido-reduction balance, regulatory disturbances and signal transduction cascades responsible for alcoholic damage have been partially described, nevertheless, further studies are required to allow future novel diagnostic and therapeutical strategies. We are only at the beginning ...

• MeSH
• alkoholické nemoci jater metabolismus   MeSH
• ethanol metabolismus   MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• Kupfferovy buňky enzymologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• NF-kappa B metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres fyziologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• TNF-alfa metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktor ATF1 metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy MeSH
• NF-kappa B MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH
• transkripční faktor ATF1 MeSH