This study investigates the role of the dorsal/sensorimotor striatum in visuomotor integration (i.e., the transformation of internal visual information about letter shapes into motor output) during handwriting. Twenty healthy participants underwent fMRI scanning with tasks consisting of self-paced handwriting of alphabetically ordered single letters and simple dots, with both tasks performed without visual feedback. Functional connectivity (FC) from these two tasks was compared to demonstrate the difference between coordinated activity arising during handwriting and the activity during a simpler motor condition. Our study focused upon the writing-specific cortico-striatal network of preselected regions of interest consisting of the visual word form area (VWFA), anterior intraparietal sulcus/superior parietal lobule, striatum, premotor cortex/Exner's area, and primary and supplementary motor regions. We observed systematically increased task-induced cortico-striatal and cortico-cortical FC. This increased synchronization of neural activity between the VWFA, i.e., the visual cortical area containing information about letter shapes, and the frontoparietal motor regions is mediated by the striatum. These findings suggest the involvement of the striatum in integrating stored letter-shape information with motor planning and execution during handwriting.

• Klíčová slova
• Basal ganglia, Functional connectivity, Handwriting, Striatum, Visuomotor integration, fMRI,
• MeSH
• corpus striatum diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervová síť diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• pohybová aktivita fyziologie   MeSH
• psaní rukou * MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We report on changes in neurotransmitter metabolome and protein expression in the striatum of humans exposed to heavy long-term consumption of alcohol. Extracts from post mortem striatal tissue (dorsal striatum; DS comprising caudate nucleus; CN and putamen; P and ventral striatum; VS constituted by nucleus accumbens; NAc) were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Proteomics was studied in CN by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass-spectrometry. Proteomics identified 25 unique molecules expressed differently by the alcohol-affected tissue. Two were dopamine-related proteins and one a GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD65. Two proteins that are related to apoptosis and/or neuronal loss (BiD and amyloid-β A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 3) were increased. There were no differences in the levels of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid (DOPAC), serotonin (5HT), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA), histamine, L-glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Tryp) between the DS (CN and P) and VS (NAc) in control brains. Choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (Ach) were higher and norepinephrine (NE) lower, in the VS. Alcoholic striata had lower levels of neurotransmitters except for Glu (30 % higher in the alcoholic ventral striatum). Ratios of DOPAC/DA and HIAA/5HT were higher in alcoholic striatum indicating an increase in the DA and 5HT turnover. Glutathione was significantly reduced in all three regions of alcohol-affected striatum. We conclude that neurotransmitter systems in both the DS (CN and P) and the VS (NAc) were significantly influenced by long-term heavy alcohol intake associated with alcoholism.

• Klíčová slova
• Alcohol, Human brain, Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, Metabolomics, Neurotransmitter, Striatum,
• MeSH
• alkoholismus metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• corpus striatum metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• kalibrace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolomika * MeSH
• neurotransmiterové látky metabolismus   MeSH
• posmrtné změny * MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• neurotransmiterové látky MeSH

A voltammetric technique was used (differential pulse voltammetry with a carbon fibre microelectrode) to investigate dynamics of the changes of catecholamine overflow in the corpus striatum following electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS) of chloral hydrate-anaesthetized rats. Application of "maximal" ECS (50 Hz, AC, sine wave, approximately 150 mA, 0.2 s) caused large enhancement of catechol-oxidative current (CA.OC): In the first minute after its arrest, the CA.OC peak raised to 1032 +/- 405% (n = 5, mean +/- S.D.) of the controls (P < or = 0.001, Student's t-test). This large elevation of the extracellular catecholamine content ceased rapidly--the baseline level was attained in the second minute. CA.OC changes evoked by a "minimal" ECS (50 Hz, AC, sine wave, approximately 30 mA, 0.2 s) were equivocal in the first minute (increase, decrease: 145 +/- 56%, P > 0.05, n = 6). Possible mechanisms of the ECS therapeutic effect are discussed.

• MeSH
• corpus striatum metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• elektrokonvulzívní terapie * MeSH
• katecholaminy metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• katecholaminy MeSH

The authors tested direct effect of selected ergot alkaloids (lisuride, terguride, DH-ergotoxine, DH-ergotamine and DH-ergocristine) on specific 3H-naloxone binding in the rat striatum and hippocampus. In the striatum they found that DH-ergotoxine (a substance with high affinity for noradrenergic receptors) inhibited specific 3H-naloxone binding much more strongly than lisuride and terguride (substances with a greater affinity for dopaminergic and serotoninergic receptors). DH-ergotoxine, which inhibited binding significantly more in the striatum than in the hippocampus, displayed the greatest activity. The results show differences in the degree of inhibition by the various groups of ergot alkaloids in the striatum. In the case of DH-ergotoxine there was also a difference in the degree of inhibition in the striatum and the hippocampus.

• MeSH
• corpus striatum účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• ergoliny farmakologie   MeSH
• hipokampus účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lisurid farmakologie   MeSH
• naloxon metabolismus   MeSH
• námelové alkaloidy farmakologie   MeSH
• receptory opiátové mu MeSH
• receptory opiátové účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ergoliny MeSH
• ergotoxine MeSH Prohlížeč
• lisurid MeSH
• naloxon MeSH
• námelové alkaloidy MeSH
• receptory opiátové mu MeSH
• receptory opiátové MeSH

Dopamine receptors in striatum are important for healthy brain functioning and are the target of levodopa-based therapy in Parkinson's disease. Lateralization of dopaminergic neurotransmission in striata from different hemispheres occurs in patients, but also in healthy individuals. Our data show that the affinity of dopamine binding to dopamine D1 receptors is significantly higher in left than in right striatum. Analysis of data from radioligand binding to striatal samples from naïve, 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned, levodopa-treated and levodopa-induced dyskinetic rats shows differential receptor structure and gives hints on the causes of right/left lateralization of dopamine binding to striatal D1 receptors. Moreover, binding data showed loss of lateralization in levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinetic rats.

• Klíčová slova
• 6-hydroxydopamine, Basal ganglia, Cooperativity index, Dyskinesia, G-protein-coupled receptor dimer, Lateralization,
• MeSH
• 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-fenyl-1H-3-benzazepin farmakologie   MeSH
• benzazepiny farmakologie   MeSH
• corpus striatum metabolismus   MeSH
• dopamin metabolismus   MeSH
• funkční lateralita * účinky léků   MeSH
• polékové dyskineze metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• receptory dopaminu D1 metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory dopaminu D3 agonisté   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-fenyl-1H-3-benzazepin MeSH
• benzazepiny MeSH
• dopamin MeSH
• receptory dopaminu D1 MeSH
• receptory dopaminu D3 MeSH
• SCH 23390 MeSH Prohlížeč

The distribution of nigral neurons projecting to the caudal and basal parts of the striatum was studied in 9 rats by means of the horseradish peroxidase labelling technique. Labelled neurons localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta were demonstrated throughout the antero-posterior extent of the nucleus. Most of them were found in the lateral half of the SNc. Labelled neurons localized in the substantia nigra part reticulata predominated in the caudolateral part of the SNr. Characteristic features included major perikaryal polymorphism and size range of the nigrostriatal neurons.

• MeSH
• biologický transport fyziologie   MeSH
• corpus striatum anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• křenová peroxidasa MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• nervové dráhy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• substantia nigra anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• křenová peroxidasa MeSH

BACKGROUND: For comparing of the pathological and normal healthy state it is essential to obtain sufficient amount of the volumetric data. Nevertheless most of the publicized works use only few healthy controls opposite to the patients for the measuring of the basal ganglia volume. Further essential condition is to take into account the effect of age to the basal ganglia volume in such analysis. PURPOSE: The goal of our study was (1) to give the current review of the structure, neurotransmitters, connections and general integration of the basal ganglia in the pathways of the central nervous system, (2) aggregate sufficient amount of volumetric data by virtue of MRI and post-mortem studies, and appoint volumes of the striatum and pallidum, (3) evaluate aging of these structures in adult healthy patients. Another goal was (4) to inspect the correlations between the size of the basal ganglia and volume characteristics of the brain, cranial capacity or frequently measured dimensions within CNS. In the spite of the fact that it is not possible to measure all of these dimensions for clinicians who want to determine if the structure is "normal" or not. Another goal was (5) to find a simple measure, which could serve as the indicator of the real size of structure of the interest. METHODS: By virtue of the classical anatomical methods and MRI examination we appointed volumes of the striatum (furthermore divided into the complex of the caudatum--nucleus accumbens--CD-Acc and putamen) and pallidum in the sample of 108 healthy adults (18-89 years old). From another measurements we calculated the cranial capacity and volume characteristics of each brain. RESULTS: In a general view that does not respect changes due to age neither volumetric difference between two sexes nor interhemispheric difference was significant for absolute volumes of the striatum, CD-Acc complex, putamen and pallidum. In the case of the striatum, significant correlation between size and age was found (p < 0.0001) for absolute volumes in both sexes. In men, striatum showed a decrease about 14.3% in volume in the 20-50-year age range (about 4.8% per decade). In woman, the age related shrinkage is about 16.9% (about 5.6% per decade). Dependence on age was not statistically proven for volume of female complex CD-Acc (p = 0.061). Age related decrease of female putamen was about 23.15% in the 20-50 year age range (7.7% per decade). In men, the seizure decrease of the caudate--accumbens complex amounts 16.2%, in the same age range (5.4% per decade). Similarly, volume of the putamen in men decreases up to 12.3% between 20-50 years of age (4.1% per decade). In men, the pallidum showed a decrease about 21.6% in volume in the 20-50-year age range (7.2% per decade). In women, it amounts only 11.5% (3.8% per decade). Plane of the striatum in the level of the commissura anterior showed high correlation with total striatal volume (p < 0.0001, r = 0.668). The percentual portion of striatal volume at the level of the commissura anterior (1 cm thick slice) does not differ statistically between males and females. In our data it gives 28.56% (SD = 3.05). Correlation between the striatal planes and age was significant in both sexes (in women: p = 0.007, r = 0.348, and in men: p = 0.029, r = 0.349) as in the case of the correlation between striatal volume and age. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that age mirror differently on separate structures in the brain. We have found unequal volume decrease within both sexes even particular nuclei. Our findings also suggest that decrease of the basal ganglia volume in the dependence on age is not linear but it is composed from periods without changes and periods with reduction of its size. In the case of the striatum, behaviour of changes looks similar (with only 5 years), while in the case of the pallidum this situation is markedly different. Our observations may suggest intersexual singularity in the aging of brain structures. From one MRI, from one frontal slice in the level of the commissura anterior is possible to reduce total volume of the striatum for every examined individual. Simple graph shows interval, where the normal value of this plain should be in dependency on age and sex of the examined patient. Another graph allows reducing from this plane the total volume of the striatum. These findings can be the quick and reliable aid in better diagnostics of different diseases.

• MeSH
• corpus striatum anatomie a histologie   cytologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• globus pallidus anatomie a histologie   cytologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• nervové dráhy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The process of locomotion is controlled by fine-tuned dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars-compacta (SNpc) that projects their axons to the dorsal striatum regulating cortical innervations of medium spiny neurons. Dysfunction in dopaminergic neurotransmission within the striatum leads to movement impairments, gaiting defects, and hypo-locomotion. Due to their high polarity and extreme axonal arborization, neurons depend on molecular motor proteins and microtubule-based transport for their normal function. Transport defects have been associated with neurodegeneration since axonopathies, axonal clogging, microtubule destabilization, and lower motor proteins levels were described in the brain of patients with Parkinson's Disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. However, the contribution of specific motor proteins to the regulation of the nigrostriatal network remains unclear. Here, we generated different conditional knockout mice for the kinesin heavy chain 5B subunit (Kif5b) of Kinesin-1 to unravel its contribution to locomotion. Interestingly, mice with neuronal Kif5b deletion showed hypo-locomotion, movement initiation deficits, and coordination impairments. High pressure liquid chromatography determined that dopamine (DA) metabolism is impaired in neuronal Kif5b-KO, while no dopaminergic cell loss was observed. However, the deletion of Kif5b only in dopaminergic neurons is not sufficient to induce locomotor defects. Noteworthy, pharmacological stimulation of DA release together with agonist or antagonist of DA receptors revealed selective D2-dependent movement initiation defects in neuronal Kif5b-KO. Finally, subcellular fractionation from striatum showed that Kif5b deletion reduced the amount of dopamine D2 receptor in synaptic plasma membranes. Together, these results revealed an important role for Kif5b in the modulation of the striatal network that is relevant to the overall locomotor response. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.

• Klíčová slova
• Kif5b, axonal transport, dopamine, dopamine receptors, locomotor response, nigrostriatal pathway,
• MeSH
• corpus striatum metabolismus   MeSH
• dopaminergní neurony metabolismus   MeSH
• kineziny metabolismus   MeSH
• lokomoce fyziologie   MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši MeSH
• receptory dopaminu D2 metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• Kif5b protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• kineziny MeSH
• receptory dopaminu D2 MeSH

This study investigated the striatopallidal complex's involvement in status epilepticus (SE) caused by morphological neurodegenerative changes in a post-natal immature developing brain in a lithium-pilocarpine male Wistar albino rat model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. One hundred experimental pups were grouped by age as follows: 12, 15, 18, 21, and 25 days. SE was induced by lithium-pilocarpine. Brain sections were microscopically examined by Fluoro-Jade B fluorescence stain at intervals of 4, 12, 24, and 48 h and 1 week after SE. Each interval was composed of four induced SE pups and a control. Fluoro-Jade B positive neurons in the dorsal striatum (DS) were screened and plotted on stereotaxic rat brain maps. The DS showed consistent neuronal damage in pups aged 18, 21, and 25 days. The peak of the detected damage was observed in pups aged 18 days, and the start of the morphological sequela was observed 12 h post SE. The neuronal damage in the DS was distributed around its periphery, extending medially. The damaged neurons showed intense Fluoro-Jade B staining at the intervals of 12 and 24 h post SE. SE neuronal damage was evidenced in the post-natal developing brain selectively in the DS and was age-dependent with differing morphological sequela.

• Klíčová slova
• basal ganglia, degenerative neuronal changes, dorsal striatum, epilepsy, rat brain, seizure, status epilepticus,
• MeSH
• corpus striatum * patologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku * patologie   chemicky indukované   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• neurony patologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• pilokarpin MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• status epilepticus * patologie   chemicky indukované   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• pilokarpin MeSH

• MeSH
• corpus striatum účinky léků   MeSH
• inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• tubokurarin farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• tubokurarin MeSH