The known ubiquitous presence of glycans fulfils an essential prerequisite for fundamental roles in cell sociology. Since carbohydrates are chemically predestined to form biochemical messages of a maximum of structural diversity in a minimum of space, coding of biological information by sugars is the reason for the broad occurrence of cellular glycoconjugates. Their glycans originate from sophisticated enzymatic assembly and dynamically adaptable remodelling. These signals are read and translated into effects by receptors (lectins). The functional pairing between lectins and their counterreceptor(s) is highly specific, often orchestrated by intimate co-regulation of the receptor, the cognate glycan and the bioactive scaffold (e.g., an integrin). Bottom-up approaches, teaming up synthetic and supramolecular chemistry to prepare fully programmable nanoparticles as binding partners with systematic network analysis of lectins and rational design of variants, enable us to delineate the rules of the sugar code.

• MeSH
• lektiny metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polysacharidy metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• lektiny MeSH
• polysacharidy MeSH

BACKGROUND: The most demanding challenge in research on molecular aspects within the flow of biological information is posed by the complex carbohydrates (glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates). How the 'message' encoded in carbohydrate 'letters' is 'read' and 'translated' can only be unraveled by interdisciplinary efforts. SCOPE OF REVIEW: This review provides a didactic step-by-step survey of the concept of the sugar code and the way strategic combination of experimental approaches characterizes structure-function relationships, with resources for teaching. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: The unsurpassed coding capacity of glycans is an ideal platform for generating a broad range of molecular 'messages'. Structural and functional analyses of complex carbohydrates have been made possible by advances in chemical synthesis, rendering production of oligosaccharides, glycoclusters and neoglycoconjugates possible. This availability facilitates to test the glycans as ligands for natural sugar receptors (lectins). Their interaction is a means to turn sugar-encoded information into cellular effects. Glycan/lectin structures and their spatial modes of presentation underlie the exquisite specificity of the endogenous lectins in counterreceptor selection, that is, to home in on certain cellular glycoproteins or glycolipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding how sugar-encoded 'messages' are 'read' and 'translated' by lectins provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of life, with potential for medical applications.

• Klíčová slova
• Conformer, Crystallography, Dendrimer, Glycan, Lectin, Neoglycoconjugate,
• MeSH
• glykoproteiny chemie   MeSH
• konformace proteinů MeSH
• konformace sacharidů MeSH
• molekulární modely MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• oligosacharidy chemie   MeSH
• polysacharidy chemie   MeSH
• sacharidové sekvence MeSH
• sacharidy chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glykoproteiny MeSH
• oligosacharidy MeSH
• polysacharidy MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV) infects several monocotyledonous species including maize and wheat. Infected plants show shortened internodes, partial sterility, increased tillering and reduced root length. To better understand the molecular basis of the plant-virus interactions leading to these symptoms, we combined RNA sequencing with metabolite and hormone measurements. RESULTS: More than 3000 differentially accumulated transcripts (DATs) were detected in MRCV-infected wheat plants at 21 days post inoculation compared to mock-inoculated plants. Infected plants exhibited decreased levels of TaSWEET13 transcripts, which are involved in sucrose phloem loading. Soluble sugars, starch, trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P), and organic and amino acids were all higher in MRCV-infected plants. In addition, several transcripts related to plant hormone metabolism, transport and signalling were increased upon MRCV infection. Transcripts coding for GA20ox, D14, MAX2 and SMAX1-like proteins involved in gibberellin biosynthesis and strigolactone signalling, were reduced. Transcripts involved in jasmonic acid, ethylene and brassinosteroid biosynthesis, perception and signalling and in auxin transport were also altered. Hormone measurements showed that jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid and indole-3-acetic acid were significantly higher in infected leaves. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that MRCV causes a profound hormonal imbalance that, together with alterations in sugar partitioning, could account for the symptoms observed in MRCV-infected plants.

• Klíčová slova
• Disease symptoms, Fijivirus, MRCV, Plant hormones, Reoviridae, SWEET transporters, Sucrose metabolism, Trehalose 6-phosphate, Wheat,
• MeSH
• brassinosteroidy metabolismus   MeSH
• cukry metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• gibereliny metabolismus   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu fyziologie   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   MeSH
• listy rostlin metabolismus   virologie   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin virologie   MeSH
• pšenice genetika   metabolismus   virologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• Reoviridae patogenita   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• brassinosteroidy MeSH
• cukry MeSH
• cytokininy MeSH
• gibereliny MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH

In plants, sugars are the key source of energy and metabolic building blocks. The systemic transport of sugars is essential for plant growth and morphogenesis. Plants evolved intricate molecular networks to effectively distribute sugars. The dynamic distribution of these osmotically active compounds is a handy tool for regulating cell turgor pressure, an instructive force in developmental biology. In this study, we have investigated the molecular mechanism behind the dual role of the receptor-like kinase CANAR. We functionally characterized a long non-coding RNA, CARMA, as a negative regulator of CANAR. Sugar-responsive CARMA specifically fine-tunes CANAR expression in the phloem, the route of sugar transport. Our genetic, molecular, microscopy, and biophysical data suggest that the CARMA-CANAR module controls the shoot-to-root phloem transport of sugars, allows cells to flexibly adapt to the external osmolality by appropriate water uptake, and thus adjust the size of vascular cell types during organ growth and development. Our study identifies a nexus of plant vascular tissue formation with cell internal pressure monitoring, revealing a novel functional aspect of long non-coding RNAs in developmental biology.

• Klíčová slova
• auxin, cell size, lncRNA, sugar transport, turgor,
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• floém metabolismus   cytologie   genetika   MeSH
• osmoregulace * genetika   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• sacharosa * metabolismus   MeSH
• velikost buňky * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny huseníčku MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH
• sacharosa * MeSH

Pythium oligandrum is a soil born free living oomycete able to parasitize fungi and oomycetes prey, including important plant and animals pathogens. Pythium oligandrum can colonize endophytically the root tissues of diverse plants where it induces plant defenses. Here we report the first long-read genome sequencing of a P. oligandrum strain sequenced by PacBio technology. Sequencing of genomic DNA loaded onto six SMRT cells permitted the acquisition of 913,728 total reads resulting in 112X genome coverage. The assembly and polishing of the genome sequence yielded180 contigs (N50 = 1.3 Mb; L50 = 12). The size of the genome assembly is 41.9 Mb with a longest contig of 2.7 Mb and 15,007 predicted protein-coding genes among which 95.25% were supported by RNAseq data, thus constituting a new Pythium genome reference. This data will facilitate genomic comparisons of Pythium species that are commensal, beneficial or pathogenic on plant, or parasitic on fungi and oomycete to identify key genetic determinants underpinning their diverse lifestyles. In addition comparison with plant pathogenic or zoopathogenic species will illuminate genomic adaptations for pathogenesis toward widely diverse hosts.

• Klíčová slova
• Mycoparasitism, PacBio, Pythium oligandrum, RNAseq, genome,
• MeSH
• Beta vulgaris parazitologie   MeSH
• genom MeSH
• proteom MeSH
• Pythium genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rhizosféra MeSH
• sekvenování transkriptomu MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteom MeSH

Glycomics is concerned with detection and characterization of glycans present in biological samples. It is well-known that glycan structures impart high degree of structural diversity to biomolecules and thus add wide -ranging biological functions, such as cellular recognition, adhesion or involvement in cellular signaling pathways. They substantially participate in oncogenesis, e. g. in phases of invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Therefore, analysis of glycan structures in tumor tissues or body liquids is a promising tool for searching for potential tumor biomarkers essential for an early diagnosis of the neoplastic disease. The presented review describes the process of glycosylation and the origination of N and O glycans, presenting examples of glycan profiling in pancreatic, prostate and ovarian cancer.

• MeSH
• glykomika * MeSH
• glykosylace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery analýza   MeSH
• nádory chemie   MeSH
• polysacharidy chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• polysacharidy MeSH

Cytokinins are plant hormones with biological functions ranging from coordination of plant growth and development to the regulation of senescence. A series of 2-chloro-N(6)-(halogenobenzylamino)purine ribosides was prepared and tested for cytokinin activity in detached wheat leaf senescence, tobacco callus and Amaranthus bioassays. The synthetic compounds showed significant activity, especially in delaying senescence in detached wheat leaves. They were also tested in bacterial receptor bioassays using both monocot and dicot members of the cytokinin receptor family. Most of the derivatives did not trigger cytokinin signaling via the AHK3 and AHK4 receptors from Arabidopsis thaliana in the bacterial assay, but some of them specifically activated the ZmHK1 receptor from Zea mays and were also more active than the aromatic cytokinin BAP in an ARR5::GUS cytokinin bioassay using transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Whole transcript expression analysis was performed using an Arabidopsis model to gather information about the reprogramming of gene transcription when senescent leaves were treated with selected C2-substituted aromatic cytokinin ribosides. Genome-wide expression profiling revealed that the synthetic halogenated derivatives induced the expression of genes related to cytokinin signaling and metabolism. They also prompted both up- and down-regulation of a unique combination of genes coding for components of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center, light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), and the oxygen-evolving complex, as well as several stress factors responsible for regulating photosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation. Chlorophyll content and fluorescence analyses demonstrated that treatment with the halogenated derivatives increased the efficiency of PSII photochemistry and the abundance of LHCII relative to DMSO- and BAP-treated controls. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to manipulate and fine-tune leaf longevity using synthetic aromatic cytokinin analogs.

• Klíčová slova
• Aromatic cytokinin, Cytokinin activity, Gene expression, Photosynthesis, Photosystem, Ribosides, Senescence delay, Synthesis,
• MeSH
• amarant metabolismus   MeSH
• Arabidopsis metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• fotosyntetická reakční centra (proteinové komplexy) fyziologie   MeSH
• listy rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus sacharidů fyziologie   MeSH
• pšenice metabolismus   MeSH
• purinové nukleosidy chemická syntéza   chemie   MeSH
• ribonukleosidy chemická syntéza   chemie   MeSH
• stárnutí účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• tabák metabolismus   MeSH
• vývoj rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokininy MeSH
• fotosyntetická reakční centra (proteinové komplexy) MeSH
• nebularine MeSH Prohlížeč
• purinové nukleosidy MeSH
• ribonukleosidy MeSH

Biotransformation has accompanied mankind since the Neolithic community, when people settled down and began to engage in agriculture [...].

• MeSH
• Bacteria enzymologie   MeSH
• biokatalýza * MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky MeSH
• biotransformace MeSH
• glykomika MeSH
• houby enzymologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodní články MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Understanding the molecular and cellular processes involved in skin wound healing may pave the way for the development of innovative approaches to transforming the identified natural effectors into therapeutic tools. Based on the extensive involvement of the ga(lactoside-binding)lectin family in (patho)physiological processes, it has been well established that galectins are involved in a wide range of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. AREAS COVERED: In the present paper, we provide an overview of the biological role of galectins in repair and regeneration, focusing on four main phases (hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation/remodeling) of skin repair using basic wound models (open excision vs. sutured incision). EXPERT OPINION: The reported data make a strong case for directing further efforts to treat excisional and incisional wounds differently. Functions of galectins essentially result from their modular presentation. In fact, Gal-1 seems to play a role in the early phases of healing (anti-inflammatory) and wound contraction, Gal-3 accelerates re-epithelization and increases tensile strength (scar inductor). Galectins have also become subject of redesigning by engineering to optimize the activity. Clinically relevant, these new tools derived from the carbohydrate recognition domain platform may also prove helpful for other purposes, such as potent antibacterial agglutinins and opsonins.

• Klíčová slova
• Skin, fibrosis, galactoside, lectin, repair and regeneration, sugar code,
• MeSH
• galektiny * MeSH
• hemostáza MeSH
• hojení ran * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• galektiny * MeSH

BACKGROUND: Glycosylation is a posttranslational modification responsible for many bio-logical processes including protein-protein interactions, cell signaling or cell cycle regulation. Changes in glycosylation of serum proteins reflects the status of tissues and cells in the organism and therefore can be used as markers for dia-gnosis of cancer, its progression and determination of its subtypes. N-glycan profiling is often used for characterization of N-glycosylation changes. It is based on the measurements of N-glycans released from the serum proteins. Beside the N-glycan profiling, glycoproteomic approach is emerging as it preserves the information about glycan composition, original protein, and its glycosylation sites. PURPOSE: This review covers existing works describing the changes in serum protein N-glycosylation in various cancer types. Attention was paid to both the glycomic and glycoproteomic approaches. The last part of the review shortly presents the analytical methods used for these analyses.

• Klíčová slova
• Mass spectrometry, N-glycan profiling, N-glycans, Serum proteins, glycomics, glycopeptides, glycoproteomics,
• MeSH
• glykomika * metody   MeSH
• glykosylace MeSH
• krevní proteiny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory * MeSH
• polysacharidy analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krevní proteiny MeSH
• polysacharidy MeSH